A Comparative Analysis Of Online News Articles Media Essay

A Comparative Analysis Of Online News Articles Media Essay In European Union citizens are expected to take responsibility and actions to limit the threat of climate change as well as authorities or corporations. However, while only 36 percent of citizens in Lithuanian take personal action, 75 percent of British do. In light of framing as media effects theory media coverage can be considered as an explanation for different levels of personal contribution. Based on the latter assumption the online news content in Lithuania and the United Kingdom was investigated in terms of attribution of responsibility to citizens, authorities and industry/corporations. The findings showed that the use of the same frames varies by country and political preferences of media. However, the findings were not explicit enough to prove the one directional relationship between media content and individual level behavior, where media is perceived as having power upon individuals. Contrary, the results showed that social problems guide thematic choices of editorials an d therefore individuals have impact on media. As a result, findings raised concerns that the notion of framing as an interactive process would more relevant than the assumption of framing as linear process. Introduction Today climate change is on political, media and individual agendas all across Europe. Political and legislative efforts prove that climate change mitigation is a priority for the European Union. Furthermore, citizens are expected to take responsibility and actions to limit the threat as well. Supranational survey Eurobarometer shows, 63 percent of Europeans say they have taken personal actions to combat climate change (European Commission, 2009). However, the EU as a body of 27 Member States is more diverse than one seeing aggregate level figures could think. For instance, while only 36 percent of citizens in Lithuanian take personal action, 75 percent of British do (European Commission, 2009). The topic of climate change not only has its thematic relevance, but as well scientific. In light of framing theory media coverage can be considered as an explanation for different levels of personal contribution to climate change mitigation among Lithuanians and British. To assess the influence of media portrayals of climate change on individuals, two research questions are developed: RQ1. To what extent do media frame climate change in terms of attribution of responsibility to industry and corporations, international and national authorities, and citizens themselves? RQ2. Does the attribution of responsibility to particular actor vary by country: the United Kingdom and Lithuania? To be more specific, I expect to find that Lithuanian media attribute responsibility to citizens more seldom compare to British media. Moreover, in media coverage in Lithuania attribution of responsibility to citizens should be less visible than attribution of responsibility to authorities or industry. Contrary, in British media attribution of responsibility to citizens should more or equally visible compare to authorities and industry. The next chapter will provide theoretical framework on which the paper rests. It will be followed by the sections of method, results and discussion. Literature review Within the realm of social sciences, such as sociology, psychology, political science and political communication, studies of framing are common. In a way it explains why framing as a concept is rather scattered, as Entman once referred to it (Entman, 1993, p. 51). However, scientists of different disciplines share the perception that the function of a frame is to help people organise the complexity of the world into meaningful categories (Nickels, 2005, p. 21). Framing as theory can be conceptualized in terms of media effects (e.g. Scheufele, 1999; Scheufele, 2000). Generally, media effects are classified into cognitive, affective and behavioural. Cognitive effects refer to the assumption that how news is presented has influence on what people know or think about issues, people, and event (Glynn Jeong, 2003, p. 634). Affective effects refer to emotional reactions to media coverage. Behavioral effects can be understood as observable actions that are linked to media exposure (Perse, 2001, p. 3). What concerns the latter, a widely cited study of Kahneman and Tversky (1984) showed that how a particular issue is framed determines perceptions of problems and subsequent actions upon them (Vliegenthart et al., 2008, p. 419). In view of these considerations, the prominence of framing theory and framing effects studies in the field of communication flows naturally. In the field of political communication framing effects studies often focus on investigating the relationship between news content and individual perceptions (e.g. de Vreese, 2002). Nickels (2005) argues that partially this is determined by the assumption that the news is the principal means by which they [i.e., people] experience and learn (p. 22) about certain issues. A frame in media is an emphasis in salience of certain aspects of a topic (De Vreese, 2002, p. 27). The frame works by omitting some aspects and attaching more salience and meaning to others (Entman, 1993, p. 53). The reasoning of selecting of these aspects can be determined by political, media and social context (De Vreese Semetko, 2004, p. 93). Therefore, media frames can be defined as social and cultural indicators of the particular time (Nickels, 2005, p. 26). Frames in media can be investigated by the presence or absence of certain key-words, stock phrases, stereotyped images, sources of information, and sentences that provide thematically reinforcing clusters of facts or judgements (Entman, 1993, p. 52). In general, two main ways to analyze frames can be identified issue-specific and generic. The former is considered to be a better approach to detect newly emerging frames while the latter is based on the investigation of predefined frames in the text (Matthes Kohring, 2008). Majority of the studies of generic frames focus on the prevalence of one or several frames in media. Attribution of responsibility (e.g. Iyengar, 1987; Iyengar, 1991; Semetko Valkenburg, 2000; Valkenburg et al., 1999) fall within most commonly investigated generic frames. Valkenburg et al. (1999) defines the attribution of responsibility frame as representing an issue or problem in such a way as to attribute responsibility for causing or solving a problem to the g overnment or to an individual or to a group (p. 552). The biggest advantage of generic approach enables to detect differences or similarities between certain media (or within it), cross-nationally and over time (Nickels, 2005, p.24). However, generic frames are not suitable to explore the new issues as they are derived from theory. Iyengar (1991) measured how individuals attribute responsibility for social problems after exposure to different content. The research proved that, when television news present issues in terms of individual, people tend to attribute responsibility to individuals rather than government. Semetko and Valkenburg (2000) investigated the presence of 5 news frames theoretically derived from prior framing studies: attribution of responsibility, conflict, human interest, economic consequences, and morality. Media content was analyzed in the period surrounding the Amsterdam meetings of European heads of state in 1997 (p. 93). The study unveiled that the attribution of responsibility frame was used the most in news. Moreover it showed that attribution of responsibility was more used in serious media both press and television. Bennet and Iyengar (2008) argues that today with growing opportunities to personalize media content the way people learn about and experience the social world has changed. Therefore, media effects theories have to be reconsidered to go in line with changing social environment. Opponents claim (e.g. Holbert, Garrett Gleason, 2010), to announce a new era of minimal media effects is too early. Another criticism addressed to framing-effect studies is the commonly used experimental design, which neglects natural environment people live in and questions generalizability of the findings (Chong Druckman, 2007, p. 102). Those trying to overcome methodological drawback by comparing media content with survey results agree that it is difficult to separate out the effects of the media from other environmental or social influences (Glynn Jeong, 2003, p. 633). On the other hand, if effects are proved to be present on individual level under experimental conditions, it is logical to expect them to be present in society at large. To put it in Vliegenthart et al. (2008) words, this does not imply that all citizens are exposed to (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) news, but that on the aggregate level news coverage has the potential to drive the attitudes of a substantial share of the population (p. 418). To sum up, despite changing media environment and individual habits towards media use, media still often is a primary framer and therefore has the power to set the tone and scope of the discussion about particular issue. In view of the considerations discussed in this chapter, the present empirical research was based on the assumption that frames in media influence how people think about certain problems and act upon them. To be more specific, that how media frames climate change issue in terms of frame of attribution of responsibility affects individual behavior. As in this study aggregate level public opinion surveys results will be compared with media content, I am aware that social or other influences will not be encountered. Method The main interest of the current study is to find out if media content are capable of explaining, why people in some countries are more likely to take personal actions to fight climate change than others. Therefore, two cases representing significant contrasts in citizens behavior were needed The United Kingdom and Lithuania appeared to comply with the condition (Eurobarometer, 2009). Consequently, the comparative design was chosen as it served the aim of the study best. As Hantrais (1996) defined, the aim of comparative cross-national research is to seek explanations for similarities and differences or to gain a greater awareness and a deeper understanding of social reality in different national contexts (Bryman, 2004, p.53). The design was realized in the form of quantitative content analysis of news websites articles in two countries. The content of news was analyzed in terms of the presence of attribution of responsibility frame. The operationalization of this generic frame was mainly based on measures developed by Semetko and Valkenburg (2000). However, as I was interested, to what extent responsibility is attributed to a particular actor, the frame was divided into three new frames. These are: Attribution of responsibility to international and national authorities, attribution of responsibility to industry and corporations, and attribution of responsibility to citizens themselves. Clusters of four yes-no framing questions were used to identify if generic frames are present in analyzed news articles (see Appendix 1). For framing analysis four news websites were chosen Guardian.co.uk and Thetimes.co.uk in the United Kingdom, and Lrytas.lt and Respublika.lt in Lithuania. All of them are websites of popular national newspapers: The Guardian and The Times, and Lietuvos rytas and Respublika, respectively. As the online and traditional versions of newspapers share the content, it can be estimated that information reaches young and older, online and traditional newspaper readers at national level in both countries. Furthermore, it was estimated that political leaning of newspapers can influence the findings. According to traditional division of newspapers by political affiliation, Guardian.co.uk. and Respublika.lt was chosen as leaning to left, and Thetimes.co.uk and Lrytas.lt as leaning to right. The period of investigation is from 2009 July 1 till 2009 August 1. The choice of the period was determined by the fact that the survey on Europeans attitudes towards climate change (Eurobarometer, 2009) was conducted in 2009 August-September. Therefore, the period had to be prior to survey fieldwork. Only articles with the main topic of climate change/climate change mitigation were selected for framing analysis. In total media sample consisted of 135 articles. However, media coverage varied by country meaningfully: N=26 in Lithuania and N=109 in the United Kingdom. Although chosen research design is consistent with the aim of the study, it also has several drawbacks that must be considered. Firstly, small media sample may lead to biased results as media coverage was restricted to two news websites in each country. Secondly, the study period of month does not allow measuring the presence of frames in changing political and social environment throughout longer period of time. To put it in other words, the findings show one-time situation. As a result, I am aware that generalization of research outcomes is limited. Results The results of content analysis showed that the frame of attribution of responsibility to citizens in Lithuanian media is more present than in British media (see Table 1), contrary to initial expectations. The most present frame in both countries appeared to be attribution of responsibility to international or national authorities. The Lithuanian media was more likely to use this frame and exclusively attributed responsibility to international authorities. The British media paid more attention to attribution of responsibility to industry and corporations than Lithuanian. Table 1. The presence of attribution of responsibility frame by country The findings confirmed that political affiliation plays an important role in presenting climate change issue. Left leaning websites (Respublika.lt and Guardian.co.uk) appeared to be more likely to attribute responsibility to citizens than left leaning (Lrytas.lt and Thetimes.co.uk). In Respublika.lt 63 percent and in Guardian.co.uk 28 percent of articles contained the latter frame, while only 17 percent in Thetimes.co.uk and none in Lrytas.lt did. Right leaning news sites considerably more discussed climate change issue in terms of attribution of responsibility to international and national authorities than left leaning. Table 2. The presence of attribution of responsibility frame by outlet To sum up, the media coverage does not seem to be directly related to behaviour: In Lithuania, where citizens are less likely to combat climate change personally, the frame of attribution of responsibility was more present than in British media. In this case, the personal behaviour in relation to climate change mitigation seems to be a reason for a bigger or smaller media attention rather than a cause of citizens behaviour. Discussion As is evident from the last chapter, the use of frames of attribution of responsibility in news sites varied by country. However, the variation was not consistent with initial expectations. In terms of presence of attribution of responsibility frame results were opposite than expected: In Lithuania the media attributed responsibility to citizens more than media in the United Kingdom. Therefore, the media cannot be considered as a main factor determining low citizens involvement in climate change mitigation in Lithuania and high involvement of people in the United Kingdom. In this case the direction of influence is likely to be from individuals to media. Low awareness of climate change mitigation at individual level in Lithuania encourages media editorials to address the problem. As the latter problem is not present in the United Kingdom, the frame of attribution of responsibility to individuals is less present in media. Furthermore, the results go in line with criticism of framing as a one way-communication model. As Nickels (2005) noted, the framing process (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) is more likely to be an interactive process of negotiation where political, media and public actors have different measures of framing power(p. 32). From this point of view, a relationship between media and individuals should be investigated as an interactive process of negotiation about climate change. In light of such an approach the power of framing of different actors could be assessed more accurately. Both Lithuanian and British media mainly discussed how climate change is tackled at political level while the role of citizens and industry and corporations received considerably less attention. The prominence of attribution of responsibility to authorities frame should not be surprising considering policy priorities of the EU. Firstly, the European Union is said to play an important role as the international agenda setter in relationship to climate change mitigation (Schreurs Tiberghien, 2007, p. 19). Secondly, during the last twenty years the EU managed to turn the encouragement to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions into legislation. Furthermore, the comparison by political preferences of news websites shows that political affiliation strongly influences the content. Climate change mitigation in terms of citizens behavior in left leaning websites was presented more often than in right leaning. The latter news sites concentrated more on attribution of responsibility to authorities. In total, right leaning news are more balanced according to the frequency of the whole three frames use. Therefore, findings prove a tight relationship between politics and media. The main limits of the study appeared to be related to methodological concerns. A short period of investigation at one particular time does not let to assess if findings can be generalized or they represent only a particular case. Another drawback is that aggregate level data on citizens behavior in relation to climate change mitigation was compared to media content of small sample. Therefore, it would be beneficial for the aim of the study to increase media sample and investigate how changes in media correspond with changes in public opinion/behavior over time. This could be considered as a future research direction in terms of methodological improvements. Besides the information related to the aim of the study, the investigation showed that Lithuanian media uses the frame of attribution of responsibility in context of international affairs: The role of national or local authorities was not mentioned in media once. Contrary, British media paid more attention to national governments policies related to climate change. As the EU is instrumental in climate change mitigation, it would be intriguing to explore how successful is the EU in setting climate change issue on political agendas of new Member States, i.e. what role governments play in climate change mitigation. Furthermore, media sample of climate change related articles in the United Kingdom appeared to be five time bigger than in Lithuania. Consequently, it would be interesting to investigate to what extent the climate change issue is present compare to the total content media in different countries. In light of media frames the study to show that the use of the same frames varies by country and political preferences of media. However, in light of framing effects the empirically collected data was not explicit enough to shed light on connection of citizens attitudes and subsequent actions and media content. The study unfolds the need encounter cultural, economic and political differences, as well as the interactive notion of framing process participants. References Bennet, W. L., Iyengar, S. (2008). A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication. Journal of Communication, 58, 707-731. Bryman, A. (2004). Social Research Methods (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Chong, D. Druckman,J. N. (2007b). A Theory of Framing and Opinion Formation in Competitive Elite Environments. Journal of Communication, 57, 99-118. De Vreese, C. H. (2002). Framing Europe: Television News and European Integration. Amsterdam: Aksant Academic Publishers. De Vreese, C. H. Semetko, H. A. (2004). Political Campaigning in Referendums: Framing the Referendum Issue. Abingdon: Routledge. Entman, R.M. (1993) Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. European Commission (2009). Special Eurobarometer 322 / Wave 72.1 Glynn, C.J. Jeong, I. (2003). Public Opinion and the Media (pp. 631-640). In Encyclopaedia of International Media and Communications, Volume 3. Holbert, R., Garrett, R. Gleason L. (2010). A New Era of Minimal Effects? A Response to Bennett and Iyengar. Journal of Communication, 60(1), 15-34. Iyengar, S. (1987). Television News and citizens Explanations of National Affairs. American Political Science Review, 81, 815-831. Iyengar, S. (1991). Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Matthes, J. Kohring, M. (2008). The Content Analysis of Media Frames: Toward Improving Reliability and Validity. Journal of Communication, 58, 258-279 Nickels, H.C. (2005). Framing the Refugee and Asylum Question in Luxembourg: An Interactive Approach to Framing Theory. Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Amsterdam School of Communications Research. Perse, E. M. (2001). Media Effects and Society. Mahvah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Scheufele, D.A. (1999). Framing as Theory of Media Effects. Journal of Communication (Winter), 103-122. Scheufele, D.A. (2000). Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing Revisited: Another Look at Cognitive Effects of Political Communication. Mass Communication and Society, 3(23), 297-316. Semetko, H. A. Valkenburg, P.M. (2000). Framing European Politics: A Content Analysis of Press and Television News. Journal of Communication, Spring, 93-109. Schreurs, M.A. Tiberghien, Y. (2007). Multi-Level Reinforcement: Explaining European Union Leadership in Climate Change Mitigation. Global Environmental Politics, 7(4), 19-46. Vliegenthart, R., Schuck, A., Boomgaarden, H. de Vreese, C.H. (2008). News Coverage and Support for European Integration. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 20(4), 415-439. Valkenburg, P., Semetko, H. de Vreese, C.H. (1999). The Effects of News Frames on Readers Thoughts and Recall. Communication Research, 26(5), 550-565.

Worldview Paper for Nursing

Tina Abraham Nyack College Professor Inseon Hwang NUR 301: Christian Nurse Christian Worldview: Christianity vs. Naturalism Introduction A worldview is not determined simply by a single factor, value, belief or view. It can be described as a collection of beliefs a person has about his or her life and the world around. This worldview can include aspects such as a consistent decision making process, an idea of what is right or wrong, and also who or what authority do I respect and follow. This view can modified constantly by factors including experiences that a person might face, a changing environment, and different values.There are many different types of worldviews and perspectives people have about the world that help to shape who they are. In many professions it is critical to have a strong foundation and a firm worldview to help endure everyday battles and difficult situations that may arise. Nurses especially are faced with different and difficult situations almost every day of their working careers. In these situations it is important to have a constant decision making process and a strong belief in what is moral and ethical.I believe that my worldview as a Christian has helped me to make moral and ethical decisions in my life and has shaped my character, and will continue to do so as a nurse. What is a Christian Worldview? I believe Christianity is based on life and teaching of Jesus as presented in Old and New Testament. There are three largest groups of Christianity in the world; they are the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the protestant sect which has many other denominations in it (McCalman 2009). As a young Catholic, I was to memorize many prayers, one being the Apostle Creed.In the creed it is stated that â€Å"Jesus suffered, died and was buried and in the third day He rose again, He will come to judge the living and the dead. † I was taught that He will return to judge and everyone who believes in Him and they will be given eternal life. The spread of Christianity extends from the cities of Hellenized Roman Empire to East Africa and gradually towards the South Asia (Robert 2011). Many Apostles traveled widely and established new communities in many of the major cities and regions throughout. In reality Christianity is an infinite personal God exists.He created everything in the world that we live in now. We know that the universe as we know it has a beginning and will have an end. We are unique creation of God, in Genesis 1:27 it is stated â€Å"so God created man in His own image of God he created him; male and female he created them. † That means we are personal, eternal, spiritual, and biological human beings to God. We learn the truth about God through revelation and having faith in God. We learn the truth about the world he created through the Bible. Christian’s have many moral and ethical values which are objectively expressed of an absolute moral being.Also Christians bel ieve in the Ten Commandments, the holy sacraments and the apostle’s creed, which we learn about moral values. In early Christian belief, Judaism came into existence before Christianity and believed that it was divided into a new religion from Judaism soon after the destruction of the second Temple that happened in the year 70 CE (Schrijvers 2009). In Christian belief, Jesus Christ is the prophesied Messiah in Torah or the Hebrew Bible. The foundations of Christianity and all the chief claims that are accepted by the followers can be seen in the ecumenical creeds (Robert 20110.As a Christian or a follower or any worldview it is important to answer the question â€Å"Who am I? † In my belief and understanding I believe that I was created by God, and from His hands I was given into my mother’s hands. The purpose that I live each day on this earth is to serve God and be a testament of his mercy and grace. The Catholic Churches are headed by bishops in a spiritual un ion with the Pope, and the Bishop of Rome is considered as the center of intellect in terms of faith, morals and cathedral matters (Robbins 2010).As a Christian there are values that I believe and I still hold on to, and will continue to hold onto for years to come. Some small examples include belief against abortion and I also believe that sex before marriage is immoral. I strongly believe in the seven sacraments and I believe that we should always pray for the dead. As a Christian I believe in confession and I strongly believe in the afterlife. As a Christian I have learned to always forgive and forget anyone that has sinned against our God. Along with many other Christians, I live in the world that He created and I am patiently waiting for His second coming.It took me a while to know where I was going with my life and I knew the only way that I could get any answer is through prayer and having faith in my God. As I stand here today I know He has a plan for me and I know that with Him by my side there can be nobody against me as stated in Romans 8:31. Also as a Christian we all have went against God’s commandments and we have allowed sin into our lives. Even though we do wrong and sin on a daily basis, we have learned as Christian’s that we need to fix the problem by be obedient to God’s calling and repent so that we can be saved through this compassion and grace.Every person on this earth has a great purpose they are going to fulfill throughout their life. I believe my purpose here is to serve God for what he is calling me for. It took a while to know that he was calling to me to become a nurse, and every day that goes by I know this is my calling to God, to serve people that are ill. I know that being a nurse sometimes can be difficult but I know that God has anointed me to help the sick and take care of them. I know as a Christian when I die, I will die knowing God and I will die having faith in my God.I am not afraid to die because G od granted me my life and he has all the power in the world to take me one when it my time to go. Where am I going after I die? It is still a mystery to all what will happen when their death day comes. As a Christian growing up, I was always taught that God will take our souls to a place called heaven, where we will have eternal and everlasting life. Morals and Ethical Issues in Everyday Living There have been many experiences in my life that did not along with my morals and ethic decision making.It is important to understand that people have worldviews and because of that they will act differently in a situation. In these situations I believe that I would have acted differently than the other person doing the decision making. A family friend of mine who was married lived with both her parents at home. The husband and wife were happily married and were also bother doctors. The sad part of this story was that the parents were both ill, the mother being terminally ill. Because of the busy lifestyles of the husband and wife, they did not have time to take of the parents nor did they have time for each other at times.They both believed that putting their parents into a nursing home was the right thing to do because they are thinking they can get the care that they need from nurses and someone will always watch the parents. I still remember till this day the look on the mother and father s face when they found out they were going to be living in a nursing home. They were scared because they did not know where they were going and they weren’t as fluent in the English language. As a Christian I could not understand why this was happening because in the Ten Commandments it states to honor thy mother and father.That means you will do every measure to keep them safe in your arms as they did for you. The fact that the mother could not get help from their own children hurts me because they are both in the medical profession. The wife needs to know that she is sendi ng that woman that raised her and took care of her and protected her from any evil to a nursing home where she will not be happy or secure. I believed that the husband and wife needed to make time for their mother because the help that she will get from her own daughter will make her feel much better.The pain that her mother is feeling, the daughter will never understand until the daughter becomes a mother herself. Then I asked myself as I left their house is there really people in the world like this who would be cruel to their parents. I remember visiting their parents in the nursing home, and the mother was getting worse and worse each day. When I asked the nurse how she was feeling the nurse told me that she does not take any of her medication and she does not eat anything. All she does is stay in her room with her husband and talk about how she wants to die. When the nurse told me what was going on it simply broke my heart.The nurse explained to me how she was shocked that thei r daughter would do this to them since they were financially stable and could give great care at home being that they were both doctors. At that point I even thought of taking the parents to my own home. I remember telling her that you need to take your medication and eat food because we do not get to chose when we die because that decision belongs to God. I remember as I was leaving her room, she pulled me and told me that her daughter has not even come to see her once this week or even check up on her and she feels she is not wanted by her daughter.To make her feel better I told her, your daughter will come soon and maybe she is busy but she will be here soon. I wanted to make her feel better before I left the room and I wanted her to have a peaceful heart as she was laying the bed. It is sad to say that week later, her mother had passed away in the nursing home. I believe that it impacted them so much that they thought it was best to take their father home. I was praying often fo r them so that God would give her a change of heart. What is a Naturalistic Worldview? I believe that the daughter in this story takes up a naturalistic worldview.Naturalism is based on science and not on traditional religious principles. In comparison, it is not the exact opposite of Christianity. However, it does not believe that there is a God that made the world. The followers of naturalism believe that the universe is governed by natural laws and that the universe only exists because of these laws. The universe gradually unfolds among itself and is interconnected with our minds and bodies. Everything that happens is an effect of the environment and also is a cause of something else to happen not anything related to God.The naturalist believes that they are a result of a series of unfolding events. They believe that there is no great purpose behind my life. They may also believe that there was no special meaning or a will behind it and that everything that happens in their life is a result of a cause and effect situation (Naturalism 2007)). The naturalist is in a universe that unravels itself. The universe has just developed these highly complex organisms (humans) that have the capability to have feelings of self reflection, suffering, wonder, joy, etc†¦our consciousness and feelings of choice are not intertwined with any supernatural touch (Stanley 2011).Conclusion Through the comparison of the two worldviews I have come to an understanding that our actions and decisions help to tell us as who we are as a person. In the nursing career there will be many times when a person is faced with difficulties in different areas not limited too but including patient care and also with co-workers. During these difficult times in our lives it is important to let God in our lives and let his handle the situation instead of worrying.After writing and brainstorming for the paper, I have come to a stronger understanding that I have a very strong foundation in Christi anity and a strong worldview. I know that through prayer and guidance from God, it will help me in my decision making process. . References (2007, August 31). Naturalism. Electronic Ardell Wellness Report (E-AWR). p. 3. Modernism, Christianity, and Business Ethics: A Worldview Perspective David Kim, Dan Fisher and David McCalman Journal of Business Ethics , Vol. 90, No. 1 (Nov. , 2009), pp. 115-121 Robert, D. L. (2011).Cross-Cultural Friendship in the Creation of Twentieth-Century World Christianity. International Bulletin Of Missionary Research, 35(2), 100-107. Robbins, J. (2010). Anthropology, Pentecostalism, and the New Paul: Conversion, Event, and Social Transformation. South Atlantic Quarterly, 109(4), 633-652. Schrijvers, J. (2009). What Comes after Christianity? Jean-Luc Nancy's Deconstruction of Christianity. Research In Phenomenology, 39(2), 266-291. Stanley, M. (2011). THE UNIFORMITY OF NATURAL LAWS IN VICTORIAN BRITAIN: NATURALISM, THEISM, AND SCIENTIFIC PRACTICE. Zygon: Journal Of Religion ; Science, 46(3), 536-560.

Lord Of The Flies Inner Savagery Analysis - 1043 Words

Mickey Henesy Ms. Tantlinger Honors English 10 2 January 2018 How Inner Savagery Is Revealed When Power Is Priority Lord of the Flies by William Golding is an allegory in regards to the generalization that when man wants power, man loses empathy. When empathy is lost, humanity is also lost and hopes for civilization vanish. Jack’s hunt for power and his willingness to take control any way he can shows the lack of humanity within him. Roger starts off as an innocent boy, but when no consequences are displayed for his actions his inner sadist reveals itself. Jack and Roger’s decline of empathy during their hunts reveals the inner savagery of man when power becomes the priority over a return to civilization. Observing the†¦show more content†¦He threw stones to disorient him and make him confused. Roger threw the stones to â€Å"torture† Henry in a sense. Similarly, during the brutal killing of the sow, Roger â€Å"found a lodgement for his point and began to push till he was leaning with his whole weight†(Golding 135). His goal was not to kill the pig quick and easy. He and Jack did not care about killing the pig instantly and with mercy. They focused more on the fun of killing her, and they enjoyed torturing her. The killing displays that the boys are no longer innocent and they aren’t just killing to survive. Humane hunters would not kill a pig with a â€Å"belly fringed with a row of piglets† (Golding 134). This scene of the killing of the displays zero empathy, brings out Roger’s natural sadistic nature, and fully confirms that Jack and Roger do not care what they have to do to get their way or to obtain power. The unempathetic murder of Simon displays the new found heartlessness of Jack and how he is willing to kill to prove a point. Simon has â€Å"the sight† and was aware of the inner evil and corruption in the boys. Simon’s knowledge was displayed through the discussion of the beast and as to whether it was real or not, he says â€Å"Maybe it’s only us† (Golding 89). Jack is aware of Simon’s knowledge so he kept him from talking. Jack officially shuts down outside opinions when he says, â€Å"It’s time people knew they’ve got to keep quiet and leave the deciding to the rest of us†(Golding 102). The brutalShow MoreRelatedWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1603 Words   |  7 Pagesare techniques often used by authors to portray in-depth analyses of major characters, storylines, and central themes, which take place in a story. These analyses help readers understand a message the author is trying to convey. In the novel Lord of the F lies, William Golding uses different literary devices in order to demonstrate the boys’ struggle against the lack of society and law on the island, as well as the consequences that have transpired due to this loss. This conflict is evident throughRead MoreLord of the Flies Comparative Analysis949 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Lord of the Flies Comparative Analysis Angela Boui Throughout the book â€Å"Lord of the Flies† several different universal themes occurred. Not just in this book but in movies and TV shows as well. The different themes all show morals surrounding situations both good and bad. One main theme that is present is how people abuse power when it is not earned. This happens because people crave power and they want to be in control. In the following paragraphs, different themes will be linked with theRead MoreComparing The Novel Lord Of The Flies And Heart Of Darkness2292 Words   |  10 PagesTopic: Comparing behavior of two main characters from two different books Introduction There are both similarities and differences between the protagonists of the Novels Lord of the Flies† (Golding) and â€Å"Heart of Darkness† (Conrad). In each case we have the supposedly civilized individual(s) degenerating into savagery. As well, other characters are involved and highly influenced by the protagonist(s). This report discusses these two books and what can be observed from comparing works of essentiallyRead MoreLord Of The Flies, By John Milton Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesWhile reading the epic, Paradise Lost, by John Milton, something came to my mind: Lord of the Flies. There were similarities between these two readings, almost like Lord of the Flies is a biblical allegory to Paradise Lost. I was discovering biblical allusions in the novel Lord of the Flies, something I didn’t discover when I read the novel three years ago, Many debates between critics have been made about Lord of the Flies being a biblical allegory due to its substantial amount of allusions to Judeo-ChristianRead MoreThe Hangmans Horror: Roger, Sadism, and Psychopathy in Lord of the Flies1506 Words   |  7 Pageswith savagery and violence in World War II, William Golding used Lord of the Flies as not only a historical allegory and a pulpit from which to address the darkness in all men, but also as a metaphor and a example that no one is exempt from human nature. Golding’s characters in Lord of the Flies reflect this idea greatly, but none more so than Roger. Throughout Lord of the Flies, Golding uses the character of Roger to show the follies of mankind and the ability of all people to turn to savagery, asRead MoreLord of the Flies Nature of Man1726 Words   |  7 PagesLord of the Flies: The Nature of Man William Golding’s Lord of the Flies is a gritty allegory of adolescence, innocence, and the unspoken side of human nature. Countless social issues are portrayed, however one of the most reoccurring is the nature of man. Throughout the novel there is an ever-present focus on the loss of innocence amongst the boys, shown by the deterioration of social skills and their retrogression into a barbaric form of society. Also portrayed is the juxtaposition of a cruelRead MoreFreudian Theory Into Lord Of The Flies1764 Words   |  8 Pagesperson has a significant influence on the quality of their decisions and behaviors. Golding incorporates the theme of Freudian theory into Lord of the Flies to present a psychological meaning that explains the struggles associated within everyone. Various symbols justify the characters as specific parts of Freud’s analysis of the human personality. In Lord of the Flies, Golding establishes a psychological meaning through the use of symboli sm to personify Piggy, Jack, Ralph and Roger as the specific traitsRead MoreLord of the Flies by William Golding2631 Words   |  10 PagesThe English novelist William Golding often reflects on the common theme of man’s savagery and inability to avoid one’s evil and primitive nature. Man often tries to avoid this return to a basic state just like the boys in Lord of the Flies: â€Å"Weve got to have rules and obey them. After all, were not savages. Were English, and the English are best at everything† (40). One cannot escape the inevitable however as seen in Golding’s next novel, The Inheritors: â€Å"They killed Nil and threw her into theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1819 Words   |  8 Pagesof the time, the smallest detail yields the biggest impact. In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, Golding’s inclusion of minute details helps to strongly communicate his theme of man’s innate darkness. On the other hand, Peter Brook’s film, Lord of the Flies, lacks some of the details required to convey Golding’s message properly. Because the novel includes the necessary details to convey the idea of mankind’s inner darkness and violence, the novel conveys Golding’s theme more effectively than PeterRead MoreThe Importance Of Literature1964 Words   |  8 PagesCertainly, the benefits of literature and the knowledge acquired from it have been acknowledged by a vast majority of individuals. Nonetheless, one must wonder, does literature hurt humans? Does it only do good? 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Sigmund Freud, Women and Child Abuse - 1807 Words

Sigmund Freud and His Views Sigmund Freud has been called the father of psychotherapy. His studies and views on how personality develops and is affected by different experiences or exposures to stimuli have been disputed and discussed for over 100 years. This paper will highlight Freuds life and theories as well as answer two questions. These two questions are; did Freud sexually abuse children and did Freud have a personal vendetta against women? Life and Times Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 to a Jewish Family and grew up in Freiberg, Moravia which is now a part of the Czech Republic. Freud was the eldest of eight children from his mother and had older half-brothers from his fathers previous marriage. The family was very poor, but†¦show more content†¦Many people believe Freud engaged in sexual abuse of children as a part of his studies. His studies on the theories of personality are based upon five stages of development in a child from birth until adulthood. All the theories are centered on specific erogenous zones or particular body parts that are sensitive to sexual stimulation (Stevenson, 1996). Needs, as noted by Freud, which need to be met during each of these stages of development are present from the moment of birth. If the needs are not met or if the needs are overly met, the child will experience frustration or overindulgence issues (Stevenson, 1996). In addition to the issues of frustration or overindulge nce, should the child become fixated upon a particular stage the methods the child uses to obtain satisfaction for that stage will affect the child throughout adulthood (Stevenson, 1996). How did Freud identify these theories? Did Freud sexually assault his young patients? From studies that have been conducted on Freuds research the findings show that Freud abandoned his seduction theory when he began to realize that the accounts of sexual abuse by parents were not true. In fact, Freud noted that these accounts were most probably due to the patients repressed sexual desires for theShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1222 Words   |  5 Pagesof Europe, an Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis named Sigmund Freud constructed an original approach to the understanding of human psychology. Prior to the founding of psychoanalysis, mental illness was thought to come from some kind of deterioration or disease rooted in the brain. The certitude that physical d iseases of the brain induced mental illness signified that psychological origins were disregarded. Freud insisted on studying the topic hoping to change the way society thoughtRead MoreFreuds Impact on the Field of Psychology Essay1048 Words   |  5 PagesSigmund Freud was born in Freiberg, Moravia in 1856. Freud was a distinguished child. He attended medical school in Vienna; from there he became actively embraced in research under the direction of a physiology. He was engrossed in neurophysiology and hoped for a position in that field but unfortunately there were not enough positions available. From there, he spent some of his years as a resident in neurology and director of a children’s ward in Berlin. Later on, he returned to Vienna and marriedRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Child And Adult Psychology991 Words   |  4 Pages Sigmund Freud grew up in a Jewish home, and he was the oldest son in his family. There are many ideas that influenced Freud theories one of relationship had to do with his mother and how she influenced the five psychosexual stages especially the phallic stages and how the men development. The second relationship had to do with cocaine and how the drug influenced the conscious levels and dreams. The third had to do with his relationship with his daughter Anna and how she influenced later workingsRead MorePsychology of Serial Killers1430 Words   |  6 PagesJustice, Vol 2, p.138) Some say that this type of criminal behavior goes as far back to a serial killers past. Others argue that serial killers sometimes do not have a motive for killing people. Many of them have been faced with sexual abuse, physical abuse, drug abuse, or alcoholism. Some parents see the red flags but often ignore these signs. Some of these signs include torturing animals, setting fires, and often wetting the bed. One of Americas first serial rapist/killer was Ted Bundy. AlvinRead MorePersonality Is Defined As The Combination Of Characteristics944 Words   |  4 Pagesbehaviorist, evolutionary, and social learning perspective. This paper will be describing the psychodynamic theory and how its approach signifies one’s perspective. The psychodynamic theory was originated by Sigmund Freud in the early 1800’s into the early 19th century from 1856-1939. Sigmund Freud developed the personality theory psychodynamics to determine how one’s personality is developed. It refers to the psychoanalytical approach of personality. The perspective focuses on the dynamic relationsRead MorePsy/250 Week 2 Psychoanalytical Personality Assessment Essay987 Words   |  4 Pagespsychologists Sigmund Freud, Alfred Alder, and Carl Jung. Sigmund Freud was one of the greatest psychologists in time he Alder and Jung’s theories were very similar but then again very different. Within these theories we will discuss characteristics with which I agree and disagree with, explore the stages of Freud’s theory explaining characteristics of personality using stage components and describe the uses of mechani sms using real life experiences. The hypothesis Sigmund Freud, Alfred AdlerRead MoreMental Health Issues and the Psychodynamic Approach Essay595 Words   |  3 Pagesthat if the cause of the symptoms were tackled it would only be logical that the symptoms would desist. The psychodynamic approach is mainly comprised of ideas and notions suggested by Sigmund Freud, based partly on his psychosexual development theory. In essence, the child passes through stages such as oral and the anal. Major conflicts or excessive gratification at any of these stages can lead to fixation, therefore if an adult experiences great personal problemsRead MoreEssay about Jane Eyre: The Effect of a Patriarchal Society 1721 Words   |  7 Pageswhere Patriarchy set the expectations of men and women. The effect of this social system resulted in women suffering discrimination simply because of their gender. Sigmund Freud, in his essay entitled, â€Å"The Relation of the Poet to Day-Dreaming,† articulated that women were only capable of having erotic wishes dominate their â€Å"phantasies,† and even their ambitious â€Å"phantasies† were rooted in erotic wishes (177). The predominating thought concerning women during this era was that, due to their nature,Read MorePsychological Aspects Of Criminal Behavior1565 Words   |  7 Pagesapparent and imperative to the understanding of the origins of behavior. Psychodynamic theory explains the criminal behavior of an individual based on life experiences throughout the individual’s development during their childhood and adoles cence. Sigmund Freud is credited with the development of psychodynamic psychology, the belief that emotional trauma and experiences we have a children translate into our adult life and shape our relationships with others, and an important developer of the theory itselfRead MoreThe Creation of a Serial Killer: Nature vs. Nurture Essay1120 Words   |  5 Pageselse lost. Because he was so charming women would feel at ease around him and go where he asked. Once at his car, Bundy would grab and restrain the woman. He would then drive to a different location where he would beat and rape the woman until death. Finally he would drive to yet ANOTHER location to dispose of the body. In February 1978, Ted Bundy was finally captured and interviewed. As a child, raised by his grandparents, he showed no signs of previous abuse or neglect. He was raised well and sociable