Consumer Behaviour on Social Networking Website

content 1 Background1 2 Motivation and Value2 2. 1 Attributes2 2. 2 Outcomes2 2. 3 Values3 3 Reference group3 3. 1 Aspiration reference group3 3. 2 Informal group4 4 Culture and consumption5 4. 1 Supranational culture5 4. 2 National culture5 4. 3 Subculture5 4. 3. 1 Family6 4. 3. 2 Language6 5 Conclusion6 1 Background Social networking has brought a great change in to the way people build relations with others. These sites are online platforms where users can create profiles to provide personal information, exchange individual ideas and share their interests with the others.Through social networking sites, people can keep in touch with friends despite the long distance and daily bustle. In this way, networking sites change the old communication pattern that people used to communicate face to face. In addition, more internet users accept this new way to build their social ties. According to the Pew Internet's report on social networking(2011), the number of people using social network ing sites raised from 34 of internet users in 2008 to 59% in 2010. Weibo, the second-largest social networking site in China, can be used as a good example to clearly demonstrate this huge success.It operated by SINA corporation and launched in August 2009. As a microblogging platform, Weibo enables customers publishing, broadcasting and achieving instant information based on their relationship. It does not take too much time for Weibo to get a large number of users. On the second quarter financial report released by SINA Weibo 2012 (cited in LU, 2012), there are 368 millions registered users and 36. 5m daily active users on Weibo by the end of June this year. The first driving force of Weibo to attract massive users is its ideally integrating the functions of Twitter and Facebook.Weibo require people to publish posts within 140 Chinese characters and enables people to view embedded pictures and media without leaving the original page. The second appealing feature of Weibo is its Mi cro topics page that groups up all tweets on a certain topic. Similarly, the hottest trends categorization page and the famous people collection page, named Board of Fame and Hall of Celebrity respectively, are third attributor to the success of this site. In following, the means-end chain theory, perceptual model and the self will be applied to explain the achievement of Weibo: Motivation and Value Gutman (1982) presents the Means-end chain that consumer buying behavior determines by fulfilling desired values which could be obtained from the consequence of enjoying the product or service attributes. Desire values could be obtained due to satisfaction of customers in product or services attributes. More specifically, the reason why people consume a certain product/ service is that the nature of the product/ service can generate some outcomes that can achieve individuals' values. This theory can be used to illustrate the success of Weibo. 2. 1 AttributesEach product has its own attri butes. However, as a microblogging service, the attributes of Weibo is different from that of physical products. What has been provided by the service, rather that what it looks like, is the features for Weibo. According to Sohn and kim (2012), seven features can be used to identify social networking sites: information, share, communication, interaction, entertainment, intimacy and connection. However, in this case, interaction with other users can be regarded as a two way communication and connection to their friends can be described as the result of communication.Therefore, main attributes for Weibo are information, communication and entertainment. Regards to information, each profile contains personal information like hometown, interests and schools, etc. And individuals can publish feeds about what they think and what they have seen. Users can possibly follow everyone who they are interested in, like super star, corporation CEO, organization. Then, all the new feeds will be show n once customers log on their account. Meanwhile, people can Retweet the message they like, providing such information to their friends who may not know it. By this way, Weibo provides much information for its users.The second function is communication: users can send immediate message to have chat with friends. Besides this, the opinions of customers are clearly expressed via commenting and replying upon a specific feed. With providing a two way communication among users, people can also enhance their offline social network. Lastly, Weibo provides entertainment functions for users. For instance, there is a medal reward system, where medals can be earned by some simple actions like tweet containing a certain word. Similarly, a gaming portal consisting of various mini web games is provided by this site. 2. 2 OutcomesAfter experiencing all functions of Weibo, customers can enjoy serval results. Firstly, people can widen their horizon of knowledge and expand their social network throug h information attribute. As numerous consumers from all fields of life have opened accounts in Weibo, people can get huge amount of information like business news, social issues and fashion trends. And through sharing personal information and emotions in profiles, Weibo makes it easy to find friends with the same interest. Secondly, with various ways to communicate with others, it is convenient for customers to sustain offline relationships and strength online friendships.Finally, with a variety of entertainment activities, hanging around Weibo have become a good way for recreation among netizens. 2. 3 Values As above-mentioned attributes and outcomes offer a clue, people consume this microblogging service with the hope to achieve these values: belonging, fun and entertainment, warm relations with others, being well respected, self-respect and security, based on the nine consumer values by Kahle(1989). Firstly, Maslow (1943) defines belonging as a feeling of accepted by other member s in a community. As in Weibo, individual can be recognized as a unique person by other users through personal page.Then, all new friends and old friends form a special community for that user. What the user post will receive friends' comments, serving as a indicator of acceptance. Next, people can obtain pleasure and recreation in their lives on Weibo. Having a chat with friends, sharing and viewing opinions on current affairs, playing mini online games, and seeing what their friends are doing can make consumers have a rest from their works or studies. Thirdly, people can enhance friendships by using Weibo. Viewing others' feeds can provide users information about friends' interests, happiness and sorrows.People can know clearly what to talk about with each friend. Furthermore, customers can feel respectable from friends. In Weibo, people show their concerns about what you post by viewing and commenting, even retweeting when they like it. 3 Reference group Reference group means gro ups that have influence on an individual's attitudes, behavior, beliefs, opinions and values (Thompson & Hickey, 2005). If people in reference group have a positive attitude towards a certain brand, they can use their power to attract more users for that brand.Therefore, it is essential for one brand to figure out reference groups that exert effects on its target customers and to give a good impression on those groups. In the case of Weibo, the company has successfully used two reference groups, which are aspiration group and informal group, to increase user number. 3. 1 Aspiration reference group Those people who are admired by the public, like actors, athletes, business people, make up the aspiration group (Solomon et. Al 2010). Many companies have used these celebrities in their advertisements or endorsements to promote its brand.Not surprisingly, Weibo have adopted this tactic along its development to appeal more users. At the initial testing stage, Weibo enhanced its brand awar eness by sending out exclusive registration codes to celebrities. The SINA company firstly invited notables, opinion leaders and industry leaders, who are existing customers of SINA blog, to open account in Weibo. Then, each invited celebrity would be asked to send out 20 special invitation codes to his/her friends, encouraging them to log in Weibo. Then, Weibo used those available notable accounts to attract massive fans to open accounts on Weibo.Consumers hope to get up-to-date information about their idols from following idols' Weibo profile. â€Å"I was a early adopter of Weibo. † said Iris, a Chinese girl from Management major in Leeds University, â€Å"I opened my Weibo account in November 2009. Wanting to know more about my idol–Ashin, a Taiwanese singer, is the main stimulation for me to register in Weibo. With just two or three sentences in a feed, Weibo keep me informed about the daily routines of my idol and let me feel more closer to his life. † As a nother attraction to customers, Weibo guarantees authenticity of idol accounts to customers.All those celebrity accounts would be verified through real-name system before opening, and be added â€Å"V† after their user names to distinguish with ordinary users. Furthermore, owing to facilitate users to find their idols easily, Weibo gathered all these approved accounts into one page, named Hall of Celebrity. Until March 2012, there are 165,000 celebrity accounts in Weibo. On 2nd December 2012, the number of fans for the top one celebrity is over 27 million. As can been seen from these features and data, Weibo has paid huge attention on reference groups and gained plenty of users from these groups. . 2 Informal group Besides using aspiration group, Weibo took advantage of informal group to acquire more users. Thanks to more involvement in others' everyday lives, informal group poses tremendous effects on their consumer behavior, such as whether or not using social networking si tes, which specific site to be used. Weibo, just as other social networking sites, want to enable consumers to get connected with their offline friends and meet new friends with same interests. So as to be successful, large customer database should be provided for new users to find friends.Most of Weibo users firstly know this networking sites from their friends. Another three users' experiences are used to support this statement. Juliet, a Chinese girl in Advertising and Marketing in Leeds University, said, â€Å"I knew Weibo from several friends' recommendations. They had already opened accounts. With sharing feelings and interesting news no more than 140 characters, my friends found it user-friendly and amusing. So they hoped I could join with them. After one trial, I fell in love with this site. And I have recommended this site to my friends who have not had Weibo account yet. The same with Juliet, other two users opened their accounts because of their friends' influence. They said, â€Å"It is just a habit to keep logging into Weibo to see new feeds from friends. And, if I have not used Weibo while others have, I would feel very outdated. And I also persuaded some of my friends to use Weibo. † As stated above, individual can be influenced by his/her reference group to register in Weibo, and then become one member of reference group to alter other's attitude. With this process goes on, Weibo gets an increasing number of users, which leads to its success. Culture and consumption Culture is the learned and shared beliefs and values that influence the formation of attitudes and behaviors among members of a society(). There are three different level of culture: supranational culture, national culture and subculture. The success of Weibo can be explained by these levels. (Baldwin, 2006) 4. 1 Supranational culture Supranational culture aspect can indicate that the success of Weibo is not a exception. Before the launch of Weibo, Twitter, an American micro blogging service, has be prevalent in a global scale, with over 18 million users in 009 (Wolfe, 2011). With global growth of internet usage, people have shared a cosmopolitan culture with same beliefs: time-conscious(Hongladarom, 2005). Caring more about time has a strong impact on the habit of writing and reading. People are more willing to write and read posts of daily lives within few sentences. That is a big driving force to the invention of microblogging sites, which provide people to publish feeds in just 140 characters. 4. 2 National culture In this level, because of its Chinese interface, Weibo is exclusively popular in China.The alteration of national values has led to the success of Weibo. With the affection by western culture, Chinese are becoming increasingly emphasis on liberalism. Freedom has been highly valued in every aspects of life, especially freedom of speech. In the past, only the people with strong power can make their voices heard and it is unable for the publ ic to talk about the government. But Weibo changed this situation by giving the discourse power to common people. In this site, everyone can speak out his/her opinions on trending news and more people can read those ideas with the function of forward.Also, people can become ‘we media' to spread out the news around them, which is known by few people but of importance on the society. 4. 3 Subculture Subculture is the same culture shared barely by a small group in a nation/society. It is largely influenced by the personalities of members in that group. In this level, the characteristics of new netizen generation could explain the widespread usage of Weibo. Weibo has designed its website tailoring to characteristics in this subculture. According to the Enfodesk report, customers aged from 20~34 accounted for 76. 52 percent for the Weibo users.It means that major customers of Weibo are born in 1980s and 1990s, which is a new generation in China after the â€Å"only one child† policy. There are there typical elements affecting this culture group. 4. 3. 1 Family In oriental culture, like in China, people put more emphasis on relationships with other. And family is the most important relation that plays a vital role in the formation of personalities. And Child tend to be more self conscious in small families than large families. In China, the structure of family experienced huge changes after the ‘one child' policy.The ‘China Population Statistics Yearbook 2000'stated that the family size gradually reduced in scale since the policy and the average number of each family dropped from 4. 51 in 1982 to 3. 58 in 1999. Having only child in their family among the generation of 80s and 90s, parents putted all attention and family resources on their child, which lead to a certain degree of doting on that child. As a result, the new generation is more self-centered, revealing a era of self. And, people in this group wanted to be different from their par ents' generation and tend to more emphasis on the self expression.The customization feature of Weibo satisfies this value by provide a stage for people to show themselves. Individual can differentiate with others by showing own ideas towards fashion and current affairs, display his/her interests and create personalize profile. 4. 3. 2 Language Special language is other component to form the subculture. In culture among the generation of 80s and 90s, people usually use the internet catchword in their daily conversation. This words can be defined as a peculiar way of saying something which has become established after long use in netizens.Because of their simplification and humorous, many youth use these special phrases in their feeds in social networking sites. As a result, more users know these catchphrases and spread them out to create even larger influence. Moreover, people need to frequently surf the internet to keep up with the newest famous words because of its time-sensitive. For Weibo, it provide a free place to enhance the popularity of pop words online and vice verse the pop words would attract more users for Weibo. According to Baidao website, Weibo fueled the prevalence of Internet catchwords in 2011. 5 ConclusionIn brief, this essay has discussed three consumer behavior theories, that are the means-end chain, the power of reference group and the three levels of subjective cultures, to explain the success of Weibo. Firstly, Weibo clearly created its major features catering to the desired values of its target customers. With functions of information, communication and entertainment,this site enables people to build self image, get friends' up-to-date information, enhance social network and have a recreation. Consequently, consumers can fulfill their values of self expression, sense of belonging, entertainment life and self-esteem.Then, this site have used the reference power of celebrities and friends to attract more users along its development. By f irstly encouraging important people to open accounts, Weibo induced thousands of their fans. Similarly, these early users influence their friends to use this service. Finally, supranational culture, national culture and subculture lays a foundation to the achievement of Weibo. The widespread presence of social networking sites could be used to indicate the success of Weibo. And the Chinese national culture and youth culture have speeded up the popularity of Weibo.Though Weibo is successful in certain degree, there are still some measures which could be taken to enhance its publicity. On one hand, Weibo should provide a internal version for foreigners. Only using Chinese as the instructional language is big problem that leads to the limitation of global users. The fact is that there are increasing number of foreign users who access the website in recent time, such as Boris Johnson–the mayor of London, David Mitchell–the author of Cloud Atlas. However, they can not use t he website efficiently because they are not familiar with Chinese language.So it would be beneficial for Weibo to have another vision using global language. On the other hand, Weibo should try to create some culture based features to allure and keep customers. As can be seen from many famous products, people ReferenceBOYD, D. M. , N. B. ELLISON. 2007. 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Comparing Eastern and Western Religions Essay

During a time when no vehicles existed or any type of technology, there was religion. This was part of the pre-modern times. Depending upon what part of the world you are from depends on what type of religion you are likely to encounter. This also determines the likelihood of what religion you may have grown up with. Your religion and your background helps in determining what values you may have. These believe and values vary in different religions. Some may learn some parts of these religions from movies or hearsay. Sometimes as we get older it is hard to determine what we believe as we do. Before 500 BC there were three western religions. They started very similar in the pre-modern times. When you look into the religion of Islam, the studies not only consist of the Qur’an but also the Bible. There are similarities as well as differences amongst these two religions. Many with the Muslims community that have converted from a Christian background before turning to Islam as thei r spiritual guidance. There are many comparisons as well as differences amongst these two religions. Judaism, one of the western religions compares closely with the religions of Christianity and Islam. The bible is used in the religious studies although preferred in the original Hebrew text. Amongst these three western religions come relationships that will have learners referring to one or the other through contrast and comparison. Understanding the source of information from God allows for teachings to continue. These three religions also preside with the majority percentage in North America with the largest and second largest of the religions within these three. In time before there were hospitals, there was a son born to a virgin Mother Mary. In this birth the son of our father was born. God had his only begotten son Jesus Christ. Within the Christian community he was a messenger that delivered the messages of God. He was God reincarnated. Jesus although with different roles within the western religions all has him in common. As a Muslim, no virgin would be able to give birth to. Jesus does exist within the Islam religion and born from the Virgin Mary but as one of the prophets sent from Allah. Although from God his messages were misconstrued and corrupted Later in years when the Jewish had their own religion, they saw Jesus as a normal person in a normal birth. Although there are some differences, the main similarity between these three is that Jesus existed and was a very important part of the religious community. Looking at one of the Eastern religions, we can  look at what we believe as our self. In Hinduism, one can achieve Moksha by doing good and having eternal life. Nothing we go through in this lifetime is really important. Once we truly realize this, then we are no longer subject to Karma. The law of Karma says all actions produce future experiences, good or bad. Karma plays an important role in all the life we live as a Hindu. The more bad that is done determines the sufferings one will go through and the reincarnations to determine the amount we have. There are many different Gods for different purposes. These different ones are sub-gods but there is one Brahma through their different belief stages. This is the supreme of all Gods. Hinduism is a way of life and in a sense, no one person is beyond it. They have many different sy mbols of God. Once people notice the symbol, there is no need to point it out. Sacred rituals happen and the Ganges River is vital part of this. In Taoism, the religion believes that reality has a natural order just as there was a natural order with nature and the less you do to change that order then the better off you will be. With Taoists, the practice of Wu-Wei is evident. It is the rule that states to act without action, and being non-aggressive is the right way to live. D-fens thought he was doing the right thing by making all of these people pay for what they’ve done, but in actuality, it wasn’t his right to judge. When civilization at first became, the world was focused on God. The pre-modern times also has a focus on church, community and leadership. The traditional values in humanity are essential in the reasoning of the religion as well as the scriptures. Alternatively, the modern era moved away from religion and scripture. Instead of God bringing reformation, mankind was. Logic was used to explain events; science replaced religion. Moreover, both science and religion were gone during the post-modern period. God was â€Å"dead† and science could not explain reality any longer. In order to restore human nature and religion back to its original purity, Muslims, along with Christians and Jews, believe that God and the messiah need to be restored. With eastern religions, the times have shown one with reality. Being one divine nature of God has always been the way. Whereas within the western religion we have have always been two kinds of reality. The individual has been separated in creation and each other person in the eastern religion. This has to do with life and death and the aftermath. In the western religion one has remained the same throughout eternity. With the western  religions in life and death, you only live and die once while the eastern religions there is reincarnation. In western religions, the priest, Pope and so forth relay the words of God while the sources of enlightenment are within each individual person. They must also follow the ways and laws of God while the eastern follow dharma. References Comparison of Islam, Judaism and Christianity . (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/comparison_charts/islam_judaism_christianity.htm Esposito, J. L., Fasching, D. J., & Lewis, T. (2009). World Religions Today. New York: Oxford University Press. Jewish Wedding Tradition. (2009). Retrieved March 10, 2012, from http://www.jewishweddingnetwork.com/jewish-wedding-traditions Korn, R. E. (2011, March 29). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from http://www.thejewishweek.com/jewish_life/sabbath_week/significance_circumcision

Biography On Ross Perot Essay Research Paper

Biography On Ross Perot Essay, Research Paper Ross PerotBIOGRAPHYRoss Perot was born June 27, 1930, in Texarkana, Texas. He grew up in Texarkana where he attended public schools and Texarkana Junior College. Perot # 8217 ; s parents, Ross and Lulu May Perot, have been major influences in both his and his sister Bette # 8217 ; s lives. Although the household lived in modest fortunes, Perot has repeatedly stated that he was born rich because of his parents. Get downing at age seven, Perot worked at assorted occupations throughout his boyhood, including interrupting Equus caballuss, selling Christmas cards, magazines, and garden seeds, purchasing and selling bridles, saddles, Equus caballuss and calves, presenting newspapers, and roll uping for classified ads. He entered the United States Naval Academy in 1949 and graduated in 1953. While at the Naval Academy, he served as category president, president of the honor commission, and battalion commanding officer. After graduation, Perot served at sea for four old ages on a destroyer and an aircraft bearer. In 1956, he married Margot Birmingham from Greensburg, Pennsylvania, whom he met while a midshipman at the Naval Academy. Upon his honest discharge from the Navy in 1957, Ross and Margot settled in Dallas where he went to work for IBM # 8217 ; s informations treating division as a salesman. Margot taught school during the early old ages of their matrimony. In 1962, she loaned Perot $ 1,000 from her nest eggs account to get down a one-person information processing company. He named the company Electronic Data Systems. Today, EDS is a multi-billion dollar corporation using more than 70,000 people. Ross and Margot have been married for 40 old ages. They live in Dallas and have five kids # 8211 ; Ross, Jr. , Nancy, Suzanne, Carolyn, and Katherine. The Perots presently have nine grandchildren. In 1969, the U.S. authorities asked Perot to find what action might be taken to better the brutal intervention our POW # 8217 ; s were having in Southeast Asia. He worked on this undertaking for the following four old ages, puting himself and his household at considerable personal hazard, until the captives were released in 1972 at the terminal of the Vietnam War. In acknowledgment of his eff orts, Perot received the Medal for Distinguished Public Service, the highest civilian award presented by the Department of Defense. When two EDS employees were taken surety by the Persian authorities in 1979, Perot directed a successful deliverance mission composed of EDS employees and led by Colonel Arthur # 8216 ; Bull # 8217 ; Simons. Perot personally went into Iran and inside the prison where his associates were held. Noted writer, Ken Follett, compose a best merchandising novel, On Wingss of Eagles, about the deliverance. An NBC Television miniseries was subsequently made about this event. Subsequently that same twelvemonth, the governor of Texas requested Perot # 8217 ; s aid in covering with the turning job of the usage of illegal drugs in the province. Perot led the Texans # 8217 ; War on Drugs Committee that proposed five Torahs to do Texas the least desirable province for illegal drug operations. All five measures were passed by the legislative assembly and signed into jurisprudence. In 1982, another Texas governor asked for Perot # 8217 ; s aid to better a deteriorating state of affairs # 8212 ; the quality of public instruction in the province. Acknowledging that a excellent educational system is the foundation for economic betterment, Perot led the attempt to reform the school system. This plan resulted in major legislative alterations and betterments in Texas public schools. Perot accepted another challenge in 1984 when he sold EDS to General Motors for $ 2.5 billion. The ownership that he retained in the company made him GM # 8217 ; s largest single shareholder and a member of the board of managers. After major dissensions over the quality of GM cars, Perot resigned from the GM board in 1986. In 1988, he started a new computing machine service company, Perot Systems. Today that company operates in the United States and Europe. In 1984, Perot purchased the lone transcript of the Magna Carta that has been allowed to be taken out of Great Britain. It has been placed on loan to the National Archives in Washington, D.C. , where it is displayed alongside the U.S. Constitutio n and the Bill of Rights. The Perot household is actively involved in charitable and civic activities. They have given over $ 100 million to assorted causes.

Emotionl Litercy Interventions In the Prevention of Bullying Within Essay

Emotionl Litercy Interventions In the Prevention of Bullying Within the Pstorl System of School - Essay Example This essay stresses that emotionÐ °l psychologicÐ °l trÐ °ining wÐ °s implemented to reduce bullying in pÐ °storÐ °l clÐ °sses. The support teÐ °ms were Ð °n outgrowth of Olweus's progrÐ °m thÐ °t recommended collegiÐ °l support groups for teÐ °chers thÐ °t Ð °re designed Ð °s Ð ° forum for teÐ °chers to discuss bullying dilemmÐ °s, to shÐ °re experiences, Ð °nd to leÐ °rn from their successes or fÐ °ilures. This paper makes a conclusion that the bully prevention treÐ °tment progrÐ °m is Ð °n effective intervention for increÐ °sing teÐ °chers' knowledge of bullying intervention skills, use of bullying intervention skills, Ð °nd teÐ °chers' personÐ °l self-efficÐ °cy Ð °nd teÐ °chers' self-efficÐ °cy relÐ °ted to working with specific types of children, Ð °s well Ð °s reducing the Ð °mount of bullying in the clÐ °ssroom Ð °s meÐ °sured by teÐ °cher disciplinÐ °ry referrÐ °ls. These findings contrÐ °dict the proponents of Ð ° whole school community Ð °pproÐ °ch, suggesting thÐ °t efforts to reduce bullying behÐ °vior will be effective only if Ð ° whole school community Ð °pproÐ °ch is the intervention progrÐ °m of choice. PerhÐ °ps the teÐ °cher-trÐ °ining component of Olweus's progrÐ °m is the effective component of his work. Therefore, implementing Ð ° teÐ °cher-tÐ °rgeted psychoeducÐ °tionÐ °l progrÐ °m, Ð °s opposed to Ð ° schoolwide bully pr evention progrÐ °m, mÐ °y be more precise, cost-effective, Ð °nd time efficient. This suggests thÐ °t exposing teÐ °chers to Ð ° bully prevention trÐ °ining progrÐ °m mÐ °y be Ð °n efficient Ð °nd effective meÐ °ns not only to reduce Ð °nd prevent bullying but, more importÐ °nt, to creÐ °te Ð ° sÐ °fer leÐ °rning environment for students Ð °nd teÐ °chers.

Qualitative Study Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Qualitative Study Evaluation - Essay Example The main issue which is discussed by the author is that proper training and preparation is essential for unfamiliar or unexpected teaching assignments. The author used his personal experience in his writing in which he discussed how teachers cope with the situations when they have to teach the subjects in which they are not skilled and qualified properly. The author also investigated how those teachers use their background knowledge and skills. This is a proof of qualitative approach which is done by the author. The author’s action research approach has focused on the effects of action research when the teacher teaches in and out of her fields. In her field means, in which she has a full knowledge while instructing and out of her fields in which her qualification is not applicable as she was given some background knowledge about an action research. There is no different review of the literature. APA style has been used for crediting or reference (Creswell, 2008). Evaluation of the Purpose and Research Questions The author specifies using action research to examine how teachers react, who are asked to instruct out of their fields and how they used their previous knowledge and experience. The main question arises in the mind is that how do that type of teachers prepare their lessons for instruction? The main reason of the research indicates that author is herself a teacher. She has done that action research project with herself and her students are the participants of that research project and the classroom is the foremost site of the research project (Creswell, 2008). Evaluation of Data Collection The author uses several steps of action research for collecting data that are planning, monitoring and reflecting etc. As author was a practicing teacher, the steps to gain assess to the site and students were not listed but would expected be the same steps which are necessary to make qualified in the required field of instructions. The author’s sampling was restricted to the students under her guidance. She did not follow special steps for data sampling; on the contrary she did common methods for data sampling with her students with her students who have their journals for data collection. The data collection does not consist of large scale it only consisted of author herself and her students. For the data collection, she has adopted certain protocols for completing her task like she has taken permission from the guardians of the students and school authorities as well. The data was collected from the four sources that are; her own reflective journal, journals recorded and set aside by the students, consultation from a previous English teacher and the tape recording of the first and last lessons of the studied class period. This is confirmation that from four ways author has collected data which is mentioned above (Dicker, 1990). Evaluation of D

Media and popular culture in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Media and popular culture in China - Essay Example Chinese history and culture have always been difficult to understand for western intellectuals. Although trade relationships between China and the rest of the world had gone on for centuries, there is always the perception of that the country represents the other, the Orient. This construct is noted to be in complete contrast to the Occident. Seen in light of this dichotomy, while sentiments and views expressed by Chinese leaders might appear contradictory or paradoxical to the western observer, they are not necessarily so for the Chinese people themselves. Chinese leader Dengs statement to the party to â€Å"Guard against the Right, but primarily against the Left† can hence be interpreted to be logically and practically plausible. The rest of this essay will elaborate on this thesis. Ever since the communist revolution of 1945 and the rise to power of the Communist Party of China (CCP), Marxist-Leninist thought have been the backbone of much of public policy. Under the iron rule of Mao Zedong, although several millions of Chinese lost their lives through their acts of rebellion, communist ideology has been reverentially promoted both within the party and among the general public. This is not to say that there are no contradictions and countervailing tendencies within the party leadership. If anything, when one looks at the priorities of Chinese leadership during the last six decades, it is clear that their holding on to authority is of paramount importance. Whether communist principles get implemented through public policy has been secondary to monopolization of power. And since the greatest threat to power comes from popular movements, as opposed to business interests, Dengs warning against the Left makes perfect sense. Although, the tendency to repress and sub due the public have taken new modes in recent decades, it was frequent even during the reign of Mao Zedong, the founding leader of the CCP. In 1958, Mao introduced a highly

Effective communication among nurses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effective communication among nurses - Assignment Example It is evident from the study that effective communication among nurses ensures proper understanding, avoidance of medical mishaps, as well as excellent performance of their duties. Based on the fact that nursing is collaborative, efficient communication among the various parties including patients, doctors and nurses cannot be unnoticed. In addition to prevention of health misapprehension, valuable nursing communication ensures customer satisfaction and trust. During their communication nurses should be specific. This implies that a nurse should converse essential information to other nurses, patients and doctors. In the same way, nurses should accurately respond to the questions from patients and other personnel. The primary benefit of effective communication among nurses is satisfaction of patients and perfection of health care system. Due to the wide range of duties that nurses undertake, it is paramount to emulate delegation of duties in order to improve nurse’s performanc e, as well as maximize the available human resources. During the delegation of duties, senior nurses should consider the abilities and the skills possessed by the assistant nurses. To ensure that the assistant nurses have the ability to deal with patients vital signs, nursing ethics depicts that senior nurses must provide that the results of the delegated duties are compliant with the nursing standards. In the same way, it is vital for nurses to make sure that individuals whom duties are delegated to follows the instructions as outlined. Supervision and support of the assistant nurses are other key requirements of the nursing ethics during delegation of duties. One of the major benefits of delegating duties to assistant nurses is that it enables registered nurses to undertake appropriately tasks that cannot be devolved. Even though, at the initial stages the time saved through delegation may not be reasonable, the gradual improvement of skills by the assistant nurses makes the saved time to be significant in the long-term. It is vital to note that rather than undertaking many nursing duties in an ineffective manner, nurses should focus on doing few tasks in an excellent way. In cases where the number of patients requiring closer attention is high, delegation of nursing duties ensures that every patient is effectively addressed. Through delegation, consultation among the nurses is attained, thus, leading to an effective communication system. Strategic planning To meet the needs of a nursing facility, it is imperative for managers to have an attainable vision. Additionally, managers should emulate strategic plans that are focused on attaining organizational goals within 2-5 years. Through development of a mission statement, an organisation gives the public and government authorities the actual picture of why it exists. In this regard, it is vital for managers to seek the input of other nurses in the review of vision and mission statement in case they are outdate d. Environmental assessment is a major step in strategic planning. This entails assessing the demographic profile of other workers, as well as members of the public served by the nursing facility. To make the services provided by the care centre relevant and attainable, hospital management team should take into

Change in Organization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Change in Organization - Assignment Example Changes result in positive and negative consequences simultaneously. On the one hand, changes always have the aim to improve the organization. On the other hand, changes in routine can be negatively perceived by employees because their usual algorithm of work will not be appropriate any more. Changes in decision-making, leadership, manages, strategy or policies can result in the need for restructuring. Leaders need to set new priorities and explain the meaning of the change for all employees to keep them involved in the process and minimize their negative reaction. Many changes are related to enhancing communication inside and outside the organization. Some of them lead to lower barrier in communication between managers and their followers moving the structure of the company from vertical to more horizontal line of management. Finally, any change has its final aim to improve the organization in its internal and external dimensions. Even though some changes are time-consuming, they result in better communication, stronger leadership and better achievements of employees at work. In order to make the process of change successful, one needs to consider the importance of specially trained people who are responsible for the change. Their knowledge and skills are vital to develop a comprehensive change plan that clarifies the resources required by the change. This plan becomes nothing without support from top management; all managers and leaders of the company should be engaged in the change to keep it important and make all employees engaged. Change management needs to be progressive and well-planned; change team needs to consider the risks associated with the change and make everything possible to minimize them. Finally, no change is possible without effective communication between all teams involved in the change. Miscommunication leads to misunderstanding of the strategy and the aims of the change. All people need to be equally

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Globalization - Essay Example Globalization is mostly related to economic globalization however this is not the case; globalization presents a much wider concept. It is a combination and amalgamation of political, economic, biological and cultural factors which are being shared and circulated globally. Globalization is a very relative term and can be used in a number of ways depending on the factor it is being applied to. For instance, if taken from an economic perspective, globalization is the removal of hindrances and barriers existing between two nations so that the flow of services, manpower and merchandise can be enhanced and taken to a higher level for the attainment of mutual benefit and progress. The concept of globalization has changed paces; it took a start in the nineteenth century and deliberated during the era of the First World War. It again accelerated in the middle of the 20th century, the reason many economists present for its varying trends is the changing attitude of the economists who sometime s backed off from this practice so as to protect the policies and regulations of their organizations. Globalization took a turn after World War II; this was due to the combined efforts of the politicians who made deliberate attempts to eliminate the borders obstructing trade. Bretton Woods Conference further paved way for this since politicians from all over the world signed the petition to carry out foreign trade and commerce and numerous institutions were also developed in order to view and invigilate the procedure of globalization. Multinationals organizations have also taken part and are responsible for its worldwide growth and development; the corporations in Europe and United States of America exchanged strategies related to science and technology and gave birth to a new era of globalization. Radio, television, music, films and all other means of media also played a great role in the exchange of cultures especially in the western countries. Two more factors that have contribut ed greatly in this regard are telecommunication which greatly enhanced the effects of this phenomenon which are even prominent in the current era. One of the greatest benefits of the intervention of technology in globalization is that it has made trade and other means of communication very accessible and easy. Globalization has not only revolutionized the economic sector but has also contributed to a great deal as far as political, social and cultural diversity is concerned. (Malcolm, 2001) ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION Globalization has both advantages and disadvantages; it has become a contentious term mainly because the disadvantages seem to overshadow the advantages. Before knowing the reason behind this issue, let’s have a look at the advantages of this controversial issue. The advantages are as stated; trade has become easier due to globalization since trade and business affairs can be carried out more easily owing to the efficient means of transportation and communicatio n. Goods and other services can be easily carried from one place to the other. The relationship between nations and states becomes more stable due to effective interaction; old rivalries can be sorted out and resolved which in turn reduces the chances of war. The trend of free trade gains popularity and

What caused Weimar German to suffer such extreme economic dislocations Essay

What caused Weimar German to suffer such extreme economic dislocations - Essay Example In an examination of the timeline and developments during the Weimar Republic, it is easy to understand how the failure of the democratic experiment in Germany at this time did not sum up the state’s capacity to govern itself under such a pluralist system. Much of it has to do with the economic collapse that has single-handedly torn down all the institutions and factors that have held the democratic system together. This paper will investigate what led to the Weimar Republic’s economic collapse. In the process, it is expected that such examination would help to better understand the regime and its significance in the development of the German state afterwards. The Weimar Republic certainly was doomed to ill-fate from the moment of its inception because it was associated with the country’s humiliating defeat during World War I. According to a scholar, the turbulence of the post-War situation and the fragility of the political climate contributed to the weak government: Stable democratic government was in jeopardy throughout the life of the Weimar Republic. The country was governed by unpopular minority cabinets, by internally weak Grand Coalitions, or finally, by extra-parliamentary authoritarian Presidential Cabinets.1 An interesting insight was offered by Van Mises (2008) in his analysis of the Weimar’s collapse, he posits that democracy was not attune to Germany’s needs and interests as a country, at least during the regime’s period. He argued that democracy is adequate to smaller countries, whose independence is safeguarded by the mutual rivalries of the great powers, or, to nations like England and the United States, which are sheltered by their geographical locations. Van Mises stressed that Germany do not enjoy these advantages: Germany is surrounded by hostile nations; it stands alone in the world; its borders are not protected by natural barriers; its security is founded on its army†¦ It would be

Literacy Essay Essay Example for Free

Literacy Essay Essay For as long as I can remember literature has always played an important role in my life. As a young child, I can remember how excited I’d be at story time each night before bed. My interest in literature carried on throughout my school years from kindergarten when I was placed in the red bird group, which was the group of strongest readers†¦. to high school†¦when I had the benefit of being taught by one of the best English teachers ever, Ms. Irena King. Now as an adult and professional, I am very appreciative of the literary foundation that was laid for me by my family and my teachers. I understand how important literacy is in everyday life. First, as a young child, literacy played a very important role in my life even before I could read. I was always fond of books of all kinds. Coloring books, magazines, and picture books†¦I loved them all. I remember each trip to the grocery store; I would always get a new Little Golden Book. I absolutely had to have the entire collection and would want them read to me each night before bed. My favorite of this collection was The Gingerbread Man. I would sit for hours and look at the pictures. My mother would often encourage me to keep an interest in books. She always kept a subscription of Highlights Magazine for me and I would watch the mail each day in hopes that a new issue had arrived. As I grew older, my love for books did not change, but the type of books I wanted did. I had the largest collection of Sweet Valley High books and was a faithful subscriber to Fresh Magazine. I think that these are some of my fondest memories from my childhood, and I am so appreciative of my familys support of my passion for reading. Next, my interest for literature carried on from my early years to my school years. This was very evident when I started kindergarten. I vividly remember there were different groups within our kindergarten class.

Agriculture in the Uae Essay Example for Free

Agriculture in the Uae Essay Agriculture in the UAE Lying in the heart of the worlds arid zone, the UAE has little rainfall and one would expect it to be a barren place. Barren places there certainly are, but the process of desertification has very largely been arrested in the country. It is now possible to see forests, fields of grass and wheat where once there were only desert sands and winds. The UAE has a long tradition of agriculture in its oases where crops have been grown for 5000 years. Underground water was chandelled to palm groves and small fields and the technique is still used today. Since the formation of the UAE in 1971, this small scale traditional farming has been complemented by investment that has seen thousands of hectares being cultivated. In the past 25 years, the countrys population has increased ten-fold and agricultural production has kept pace with this growth. The country is self-sufficient in salad crops and poultry for much of the year and even exports crops to markets in Europe. Most of the UAEs agricultural production comes from four areas: from in and around Al Ain, from a narrow but fertile strip along the east coast, from the oasis of Dhaid east of Sharjah and from the gravel plains in Ras al Khaimah. According to figures from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, agricultural production stands at over Dh 2 billion per year. An average crop season yields over 600,000 tons of crops such as tomatoes, cucumbers, aubergines, lettuce, cabbage and animal feed. Studies have shown that much of the countrys soil can be cultivated provided there is water and as a result, there has been an extensive programme to drill water wells. The government will prepare land for local farmers which they are then given free along with seeds, machinery and advice on pest control. There is also government-funded research on different crops to see how they adapt to the local climate. In an attempt to conserve and use as much water as possible in as many ways as possible, the government has embarked on a three-part programme designed to make the most advantageous use of this scarce resource. First, farmers are given advice on how to reduce their consumption of water, mainly through trickle irrigation. Desalinated water as well as recycled and purified sewage effluent is used. Second, with the help of the United States Geological Survey, the government is searching for ew aquifers and monitoring current rates of extraction. Third and last, to prevent the waste of valuable rainwater, retention dams have been constructed in many areas. These store the water until it can be used for irrigation. Tens of millions of gallons of rainwater are being retained by the dams already built throughout the Emirates. In the long run, of course, it is realized that desalinated water will provide the bulk of agricultural water. There is more to agriculture than simply growing crops. One area that has seen dramatic growth is the keeping of poultry for meat and eggs. The same is true of dairy products. Herds of imported cattle have adapted to the climate and are now producing milk, cheese and yogurt for the local market. The presence of trees and gardens in the UAE is always noticed and commented upon by visitors. Over 10 million trees have been planted plus more than 18 million palm trees. In all the cities and towns of the UAE, there have been beautification campaigns with the creation of parks and gardens for the local people. Any householder, even those in flats, can get free plants from the Municipality under a programme that distributes thousands of plants annually. Besides the greening of the cities and towns there has also been a massive programme in the desert and it is here that most of the trees have been planted. Flying over the desert, one now sees great patches of green where formerly there was only sand. All kinds of arid region plants, both local and imported, have been planted and as they grow to maturity, their roots reach down to the natural water supply. When this happens, they will be able to survive with little care and attention. The face of the land and the environment too have been changed. Wildlife flourishes as do native plants and animals. The UAE was never purely and simply a desert. Today it has become a place where greenery can be seen in both urban and rural areas. Twenty years of dedicated commitment have made the point that the process of desertification is reversible. And given time and money, that is exactly what has happened and is continuing to happen.

Implementing and Adopting Innovation: Case Study of Skype

Implementing and Adopting Innovation: Case Study of Skype The present assignment focuses on a real business situation which involves the implementation and adoption of innovation. The case study is comprised of four primary parts which explore the process of innovation development, the promoters of innovation, the internal and external reaction within business resources and the likely strategic implications and business model for further development which can be proposed. In this respect, the assignment explores Skype as an example of business organisation which adopts innovation on a continuous basis and the various strategic implications to which this behaviour is associated. Skype is an information communication technology (ICT) which is one of the most popular products used by different consumer segments in the process of communicating over the Internet. This platform provides users with the opportunity to communicate and interact via a low cost channel. The companys growth is promoted by the continuous internationalisation and globalisation of markets. Moreover, not only continuous internationalisation influences the development of Skype, but Skype itself can be seen as a promoter of globalisation removal of market and country boundaries. In this context, Skype has grown through the continuous application of incremental innovation. The company has been adopting innovative applications and targeting different customer segments through the products and services provided. However, the present assignment would not only explore these strategy approaches to competitiveness but primarily focuses on the organisational and structural innovation of Skype. The report particularly focuses on the acquisition of Skype by E-bay and the organisation implication this has. Pay Pal as another integrative part of this acquisition is also presented and discussed. Innovation Characteristics Innovation management and development has grown as one of the most popular fields within social sciences. It has attracted the interest of scholars for many years. For example, Schumpeter (1950) who is the pioneer within the discipline proposes that innovation is the development of a novel solution which alters past perceptions. Schumpeter (1950) characterised the process of innovation development with the concept of creative destruction explaining that innovation restructures the way past patterns are perceived through the implementation of novelty (Hospers, 2005). However, it is essential to be outlined that innovation is not only characterised by its novel characteristics but by the commercial importance which it has (Tidd et al., 2005). In other words, an innovative solution is both new and applicable to the respective market. Apart from the above mentioned characteristics, it is also important to be outlined that innovation can be recognised in different forms and degrees. For example, innovation can be seen primarily as incremental and radical (Afuah, 2003). Incremental innovation occurs when little novel changes are applied within an organisation (Tidd et al., 2005). It is often that incremental innovation is practiced on a continuous basis and thus is known as a process of continuous improvement which has applications in companies as Toyota and their total quality management (TQM) core strategic values (Afuah, 2003; Bessan and Francis, 1999). Contrary to the incremental innovation, the radical one is characterised with profound changes within an enterprise (Francis and Bessant, 2005). Apart from the degree of innovativeness, it is also important to be outlined that business organisations can exploit different types of innovation. The academic literature mainly outlines two main types such as product and process innovation (Boer and During, 2001; Damapur and Evans, 1984). As it can be logically proposed based on the names, the product innovation mainly concerns the products and the process innovation is implemented within the business processes to promote efficiency and effectiveness (DiLiello and Houghton, 2008). However, apart from product and process innovation, organsiational innovation is also seen as another essential type. In this context, the present analysis is specifically focuses on organisational innovation in the case of E-Bays acquisition of Skype and how this affected to the mutual organisational innovativeness. The organsiational innovativeness is mutual as this acquisition has affected both parties in a unique way (Hof, 2005). However, it should be also underlined that as E-bay has adopted and largely promoted the payment platform Pay Pal therefore the implications which Pay Pal has on Skype should be also considered (Vitzthum and Konsynski, 2009). The organisational impact which this acquisition has on Skype is substantial. On the one hand, Skype has been having significant popularity in Europe and Asia but lacked high exposure in the large American market. In this respect, as E-bay is one of the leading e-commerce platforms n the US therefore Skype would be able to benefit for such co-operation. However, the innovative characteristics of this venture do not come from the increased market exposure but from the integration of three different business models: Skype, E-bay and Pay Pal. This can be identified as a clear example of Schumpeters creative destruction, when old and orthodox patterns are substituted by novel behaviour (Hospers, 2005; Schumpeter, 1950). Furthermore, the characteristics of this organisational innovation not only should be identified within the structural implications only but also in relation to internal business resources. For example, organisational innovation promotes the interaction between different groups of employees which as a return increases the creative capability of the enterprise due to continuous knowledge-sharing and idea generation (Tushman and OReilly, 1997). This is the reason why, through this acquisition, Skype not only does gain the opportunity to get popularised within different markets but also benefit from the exchange of insight. Human resource management and in particular the collaborative performance of employees is essential to the promotion of innovation (Dodgson and Rothw, 1994). In other words, organisational innovation can promote the development of other types of innovation, such as process and product innovation as part of the internal collaborative processes. Triggers and Promoters of the Innovation The triggers and promoters of innovation can be divided into internal and external ones. The internal triggers in the present case are the desire of E-bay and Skype to grow in greater capabilities and competitiveness within diverse markets. As it was already outlined Skype had good exposure in Europe and Asia but lacked the same success in United States (Vitzthum and Konsynski, 2009). On the contrary, Skype as a prominent e-commerce platform in the US lacked significant exposure to European and Asian consumers as opposite to the intensive revenue generation in North America (Amber, 2000). Furthermore, the third element in this partnership, Pay Pal at the time of the merger was still in the beginning of its growth and therefore this collaboration looked highly positive to Pay Pals increased business capabilities and market reach. Apart from the internal drive which is always a highly influential promoter of innovation and business competitiveness, the external environment can be suggested to be another substantial stimulus to this acquisition. For example, globalisation and the continuously intensified communication between international customers influence technological development and therefore information and communication technologies as Skype have substantial opportunity to grow. Furthermore, another important trigger to the organisation is the increased market competitiveness. The adoption of innovation is generally associated to both positive and negative external sources. As it is in the present case, these are the market opportunities which the acquisition provides and the industrial competitiveness and threats which may have negative impact on the performance of the organisations. The internal and external sources of innovation, however, should not be perceived as ultimately separate entities. For example, the internal strengths of a business contribute to the business ability to exploit external opportunities and overcome external threats. In this respect, the resource based view (RBV) theory can be used as an analogue, suggesting that a firms strength derives from its internal dynamics and this promotes business continuous competitiveness (Barney, 2001). In the present context, it can be proposed that the current case of organisational restructuring and innovation affects the increased resource capabilities of the business and thus promotes the ventures greater competitiveness. Reactions to the Adopted Innovation As Joseph Schumpeter suggests, innovation is a phenomenon which causes disruption and change (Hospers, 2006; Schumpeter, 1950). This is the reason why, innovation and all processes related to its adoption creates certain internal and external reaction. In the present case, the reactions of E-bays acquisition of Skype and integration of Pay Pal cannot be assessed entirely from internal perspective as the author of the present report cannot access this internal information. However, there are certain outcomes which can be clearly recognised in the academic literature which can be conceptually and theoretically integrated in the current analysis. One of the primary reactions which can be identified in the internal environment of a company when innovation is adopted is the rejection by employees to accept the proposed change (Hiatt and Creasey, 2003). This is especially common in the cases of organisational restructuring which is resulted by mergers and acquisitions (Fedor and Harold, 2004). Employees perceive this as a risk to their career and job stability. However, the present acquisition cannot be recognised with any major physical and structural transformations and therefore it may not have had such a substantial impact over employees. Another reaction which can be identified with such a horizontal diversification and organisational innovation is seen within the external context and in particular in customers and competitors (Cook, 2004). For example, customers become interested in the collaborative propositions which the brands are likely to provide. For example, Skype has been continuously innovating and applying some incremental innovations and improvements due to the wider market share the company is exposed to. This is the reason why, Skype has developed various video and communication application within its platform to fit the needs of multiple customer segments. This is true innovation, not only it needs to be novel but it also need to have commercial and market value (Damanpour, 1991). Strategic Characteristics The present case reveals an innovative organisational situation the acquisition of E-bay of Skype. This is an approach of horizontal diversification by E-bay which not only does have substantial impacts on E-bay but on Skype as well. This is an example of the interconnectivity of innovation it cannot be conducted in isolation and it has effect on multiple business aspects. For example, the organisational innovation resulted in Skypes producing a continuous incremental innovation, developing and introducing new applications to fit the needs of various segments. The platform introduced multiple video streaming which is highly applicable to ordinary users, families and business conferencing. This multiple application of innovation is exactly the purpose and value of the phenomenon. It is important to be underlined that innovation is a powerful source of competitiveness but it needs significant internal commitment. This is the reason why, leadership can be recognised as essential promoter of innovative behaviour. Leadership is the process which motivates and inspires organisational commitment. In the context of incremental innovation, employees need to be continuously committed to promote the innovative performance of the business. Leadership, however, should not be confused with management as these are different approaches to people management, development and co-ordination. Management can be explained as the process of executing business processes and operations in an efficient manner whereas leadership is the approach of doing the right things identifying solutions where no structure guidance exists. This is the reason why leadership is needed to stimulate employees commitment to innovation (Alves et al., 2007). People management and team work are essential to innovation development as this process stimulate idea generation and knowledge sharing between different individuals which is synthesised in the creation of a novel and meaningful solution. References Afuah. A. (2003) Innovation Management. (2nd ed.) Oxford: Oxford University Press. Alves, J., Marques, M., Saur, I. and Marques, P. (2007) Creativity and Innovation through Multidisciplinary and Multisectoral Cooperation, Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 27 34. Anon (2008) Change management and employee motivation: the balancing act [online]. Available from: http://www.articlesbase.com/recruitment-articles/change-management-and-employee-motivation-the-balancing-act-672944.html [Accessed: 04/05/11] Barney, J. (2001) Is the Resource-Based Theory a Useful Perspective for Strategic Management Research?.Yes., Journal of Management, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 99 120. Barney, J., Wright, M. and Ketchen Jr., D. (2001) The resource-based view of the firm: Ten years after 1991.,Journal of Management, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 625 641. Bennet, B (2009) Change management: Motivation [online]. Available from: http://billbennett.co.nz/2009/09/16/change-management-motivation/ [Accessed: 04/04/11] Bessant, J. (2003) High Involvement Innovation. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Bessant, J. and Francis, D. (1999) Developing strategic continuous improvement capability, International Journal of Operations Production Management. Vol. 19, No. 11, pp. 1106 1119. Boer, H. and During, W.E. (2001) Innovation. What innovation? A comparison between product, process and organisational innovation, International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 22, No. 1/2/3, pp. 83 -107. Cook, S. (2004), Change management excellence: using the four intelligences for successful organizational, Kogan Page Publishers. Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Y9BcWvY-0SMCprintsec=frontcoverdq=change+managementlr=#v=onepageq=f=false [Accessed: 04/03/11]. Dahlgaard, J. J., Kristensen, K. and Kanji, K. G. (1998) Fundamental of Total Quality Management. London: Chapman Hall. Damanpour, F. (1991) Organizational Innovation: A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Determinants and Moderators, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 555 590. Damanpour, F. and Gopalakrishnan, S. (2001) The Dynamics of the Adoption of Product and Process Innovations in Organizations, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 45 65. Dewar, D. R. and Dutton, E. J. (1986) The Adoption of Radical and Incremental Innovations: An Empirical Analysis, Management Science, Vol. 32, No. 11, pp. 1422 1433. Fedor and Harold (2004) Effects of Change and Change Management on Employee Responses: An Overview of results from multiple studies [online]. Available from: http://www.cpbis.gatech.edu/research/workin g_papers/CPBIS-WP-04-02%20Herold_Fedor_Change%20 Management%20Fall%202004.pdf [Accessed: 04/04/11] Francis, D. and Bessant, J. (2005) Targeting innovation and implications for development, Technovation, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 171 183. Hiatt, J and Creasey (2003) Change management: the people side of change, Prosci. Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id =zQTy8mk8kZYCprintsec=frontcoverdq=change+management#v=onepageq=f=false [Accessed: 04/04/11] Hof, R. (2005) Why ebay is buying Skype, Businessweek. Retrienved: 10/09, form: http://www.businessweek. com/the_thread/techbeat/archives/2005/09/why_ebay_is_buy.html. [Accessed: 05/04/11]. Hospers, J. G. (2005) Joseph Schumpeter and His Legacy in Innovation Studies, Knowledge, Technology Policy, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 20-37. Robinson, A. (1991) Continuous Improvement In Operations. Cambridge: Productivity Press. Schumpeter, J. (1950) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. (3rd ed.) New York: Harper Row. Leede, de J. and Looise, K. J. (2005) Innovation and HRM: Towards an Integrated Framework, Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 108 117. Tidd, J., Bessant. J. and Pavitt. K. (2005) Managing Innovation. (3rd ed.) Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Tushman, M. L. and OReilly, C. (1997) Winning through Innovation: A Practical Guide to Leading Organizational Change and Renewal. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Van de Ven, A. H., Polley. E. D., Graud. R. and Venkataraman. S. (1999) The innovation journey. New York: Oxford University Press. Vitzthum, S. and Konsynski, B. (2009) EBAYs Acquistion of Skype SA: Valuing the Voice of the Buyer, The Communications of the Association for Information Systems, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 89 104. Table of Contents References 9 Introduction to the Case study The present cases study focuses on Apple which is one of the leading and most innovative producers of technologies and entertainment devices. The company is continuously growing in size and is attracting greater market share. In this respect, the analysis focuses on the particular product and service innovation which are provided by the organisation to sustain continuous competitiveness. It is essential to be underlined that product and process innovation should not be perceived as separate entities (Afuah, 2003). It is often that business organisation incorporate both product and process innovation as interconnected elements of a mutual strategy of industrial competitiveness (Francis and Bessant, 2005). It should be also underlined that often, process innovation is stimulated as a natural outcome of product innovativeness, it appears as a logical and complementary derivative. It is also important to be mentioned that the present case study focuses on another essential element of the development and introduction of innovation, such as business leadership. It specifically focuses on the companys most prominent decision-maker and leader Steve Jobs, and analyses his approaches to business management and innovation leadership. Innovation Types and Characteristics As already revealed in the previous case study, innovation is a popular phenomenon which pioneer Joseph Schumpeter describes as the process of creative destruction. In other words, innovation is a novel solution which has commercialised applicability and significant market value (Hospers, 2005; Freeman and Soete, 1997; Kleinknecht and Mohnen, 2002). This definition clearly describes the innovation which is produced by Apple, one of the leading technological innovators. The company utilises a number of innovative products in its iPhone, iPad and iPod series of entertainment products. The innovative performance of the organisation can be recognised as highly distinctive. The company utilises and merges different types and degrees of innovativeness. The academic literature describes primarily two types of innovation such as, product and process innovation (Storey, 2000). However, often companies can utilise a mix of the two as it is in the case of Apple. The company has popular products as iPad, iPod and iPhone which are complemented by the innovative platform iTunes where users can download music and create playlists to play on their iPods. Moreover, there are hundreds if not thousands of applications which are created by Apple software developers which are downloaded and used on any of the iPad and iPhone devices. This is an example of how the company engages customers through a full life cycle they are provided with innovative products and service from the save brand which ensures long-term loyalty and re-purchase (Iacobucci and Calder, 2003; Kotler and Keller, 2008). The innovative management of products and services at Apple has been led by a management and leadership approach which can be identified with high level of confidentiality, secrecy and partial isolation. Contrary to the conceptual understanding in the academic literature that innovation is stimulate through continuous knowledge sharing and idea generation, Steve Jobs promoted an environment of micro-management and high level of internal control. However, this has led to paradoxical results Apple is continuously generating market share, profitability and above all customers loyalty (Daft et al., 2010). One of the explanations for this outcome can be related to the resource based view theory. Similarly to the previous case study on Skype and E-bay, Apple seems to be also taking advantage of the strength of its internal resources. The resource based view theory suggests that a companys success is derived from the uniqueness and competitiveness of its internal resources (Johnson and Scholes, 2008).This approach is closely related and relevant to the leadership and management initiatives practiced by Apples main decision-maker Steve Jobs. Jobs approaches to people management can be identified and strict but with high level of fairness. However, this leadership and management approach sustains certain risks as too much of micro-management and strictness may decrease employees creativity and innovative capabilities (Daft et al., 2010; Goleman, 1998). Employees are essential source to innovation development and therefore people management should stimulate an environment which promotes the expression of employees creativity and innovativeness, such as: team work; knowledge sharing; initiativeness; risk taking; company and market wide exposure (Rogers, 1995; Tushman and OReilly, 1997; Van de Ven et al., 1999). Innovation Promoters and Obstacles One of the primary promoters of Apples innovative capabilities is the significant strength of internal resources and capabilities. In other words, in order for a companys resources to be considered as contributory to the overall business competitiveness and innovativeness they need to be rare, unique and valuable not only to the particular organisation but to the market place (Barney, 2001). In this respect, the internal resources which are in possession of Apple perform in a highly competitive manner. In this context, one of the greatest promoters of the companys innovativeness is the leadership approach conducted by Jobs which focuses on growth of internal technological capacity and utilisation of internal employees skills. However, it should be underlined that this type of leadership and internal management can lead to certain problems in the company. On the one hand, the substantial commitment practiced by Jobs is a clear indicator of a strong leadership (Day, 2000; Gill, 2006). He is devoted to the wellbeing of the company and therefore he often practices micro-management. However, on the other hand, this micro-management approach can result in certain difficulties and obstacles to the production of innovation. This can reduce employees freedom to be creative and innovative, to take initiative and risks in their decision-making which are all important components in the process of innovation management and development (Daft et al., 2010; Slack et al., 2007; Tidd et al., 2005). Reactions and Restrictions to Innovation The reaction to Apples innovation can be divided into internal and external. The internal reaction is related to employees performance to the development and introduction of innovation. In the present case, Jobs is one of the primary stakeholders in this process of innovation development which can be suggested to restrict employees commitment to the process of innovation development. As it was already outline, innovation development is a process which requires a people management approach which stimulates employees creativity and innovativeness (Alves et al., 2007; Storey, 2000). Furthermore, especially in the case of a cumulative product and process innovation, employees need to be provided with company-wide exposure (Leede and Looise, 2005). In the present case, however, the manger of the company restricts employees involvement in multiple processes. This restricts the ability of employees to get inspired by different departments, responsibilities and ideas. This is fundamentally important to the process of idea generation and creative destruction, when old patterns and thinking habits are substituted by innovative solutions (Hospers, 2005). Another essential restriction which needs to be clearly outlined is the industrial isolation of Apple as compared to other brands. In other words, it can be suggested that Apple refrains from collaborating with other industrial players. On the one hand, this protection is needed in the cutting edge technological industry. On the other, hand, however, Apple misses out on opportunities for strategic partnerships, co-operative research and development, and industrial collaboration (Drucker, 1991). These are all essential components for the continuous and successful adoption of innovation. In other words, in order for a company to be able to produce product and process innovation it needs to have substantial exposure to the industry and market trends (Dodgson and Rothw, 1994). In this context, as it can be identified from Apples comparative industrial isolation which is product of Jobs autocracy management may result in certain long-term risks and unfavourable internal and external reactions. For example, employees motivation may decrease due to the lack of responsibility, ownership and team work to which they are exposed. This is the reason why, employees may become passively aggressive and thus cease being productive due to undermined professional morale. However, it is also important to be outlined that this operational isolation may also have impacts on the industrial competitiveness in the sector. Other technological companies may embrace a copy-cat approach and adopt Apples innovation, therefore Apple will face increasing competitiveness rather than fruitful industrial partnerships (Ettlie, 1999; Kleinknecht and Mohnen, 2002; Kotler and Keller, 2008). Strategy Development and Leadership Another important issue is the strategic development and continuous leadership approaches of the company. Apple is one of the leading providers of entertainment technological devices. The company utilises both product and process innovation which provides them with the opportunity to attract greater customers interest and stimulate customers loyalty which is essential to sustaining continuous revenue generation (Groucutt et al., 2004; Kotler and Keller, 2008). Apart from the combination of product and process innovation, it is interesting to be outlined that Apple also utilises different degrees of innovativeness. The academic literature outlines two primary degrees of innovative impact, such as radical and increment (Bessant, 2003). In this respect, the radical innovation produced by Apple can be recognised in the highly innovative devices which it produces. For example, the switch from walkman and CD player music devices to Apples iPod is radical. In the same sense it is the companys iPhone which is pioneer of the smart phones in the industry. However, this radical innovativeness is also accompanied by incremental novelty Apple produces different upgrades on the devices and new models are released each year. This type of industrial performance has highly influential marketing impact. In other words, customers are continuously engaged with Apples novel propositions and therefore their life time purchasing is extended (Hollensen, 2007). Another essential aspect of the management of the company is the leadership approach which is applied by Steve Jobs. As it was already identified, the decision-maker focuses on the management of an authoritarian approach of managing employees. This causes certain internal secrecy and business isolation. Although, secrecy may be justified as important and necessary condition to survive in the high-tech industry, business isolation cannot be recognised as a positive outcome especially in the context of innovation management (Francis and Bessant, 2005). Finally, the personal approach to management and micro-management deployed by Jobs is also another leadership choice which can be criticized. In other words, through his leadership approaches, Jobs does not promote and sustains intellectual capital within the organisation. For example, if he leaves the company all the ideas, rules, processes and perceptions will leave with him. The primary contributor to this unfavourable outcome will be the reduced engagement of employees on a company-wide level. Apple is currently one of the most innovative companies in the market but the business innovativeness needs to be continuously sustained and updated in order for the company to be able to adequately serve the needs of customers.

Employment and Its Effect on Economics :: Economy United States Essays Business

How has the level of employment/unemployment and national minimum wage legislation impacted on the economy as a whole and how will this effect the economy in the years to come? What is the current state of our economy? Well many economists think that this year the economy will slowdown. In the last ten years or so our ecomony has been driven by factors such as high consumer spending and the soaring property market, our economy has have already witnessed the housing market slowing down this in turn will have an effect on household spending. As for our manufacturing industry this has reported its worst fall in output in more than 10 years, increasing fears over the health of the UK economy. Also Factory production it is reported fell by 4% in the year 2002, This is the largest annual slump since 1991, this is according to figures from the Office for National Statistics. Britain's manufacturing industry is going through its worst recession since the early 1990s, however high consumer spending has so far protected the wider economy. 2004 has seen a rise in economic growth both in the UK and worldwide. Britain has had what economists call full employment for quite some time the problem for the future is that this could soon change and we could end up like germany with 10.5 % of the population out of work. The reason that this could happen is that many jobs that exist today were created by the boom in the housing market in the 90?s however in the last four years or so house prices have doubled which has resulted in lower consumer spending growth this in turn has an knock on effect on the on the level of employment required in the retail industry and this is a problem. How can employment be classified? There are four types of job. These are primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary jobs. Primary jobs involve getting raw materials from the natural environment e.g. Mining, farming and fishing. Secondary jobs involve making things (manufacturing) e.g. making cars and steel. Tertiary jobs involve providing a service e.g. teaching and nursing. Quaternary jobs involve research and development e.g. IT. Employment Structures Employment structure means how the workforce is divided up between the three main employment sectors - primary, secondary and tertiary. Employment structures change over time. Developing Countries usually have a high percentage of the population in primary employment.

Comparing Keynesian Economics and Supply Side Economic Theories :: Economy

Comparing Keynesian Economics and Supply Side Economic Theories Two controversial economic policies are Keynesian economics and Supply Side economics. They represent opposite sides of the economic policy spectrum and were introduced at opposite ends of the 20th century, yet still are the most famous for their effects on the economy of the United States when they were used. The founder of Keynesian economic theory was John Maynard Keynes. He made many great accomplishments during his time and probably his greatest was what he did for America in its hour of need. During the 1920's, the U.S. experienced a stock market crash of enormous proportions which crippled the economy for years. Keynes knew that to recover as soon as possible, the government had to intervene and put a decrease on taxes along with an increase in spending. By putting more money into the economy and allowing more Americans to keep what they earned, the economy soon recovered and once again became prosperous. Keynes ideas were very radical at the time, and Keynes was called a socialist in disguise. Keynes was not a socialist, he just wanted to make sure that the people had enough money to invest and help the economy along. As far as stressing extremes, Keynesian economics pushed for a â€Å"happy medium† where output and prices are constant, and there is no surplus in supply, but also no deficit. Supply Side economics emphasized the supply of goods and services. Supply Side economics supports higher taxes and less government spending to help economy. Unfortunately, the Supply Side theory was applied in excess during a period in which it was not completely necessary. The Supply Side theory, also known as Reganomics, was initiated during the Regan administration.

A Mexican Farmer Worker in USA Essay -- Immigration Immigrant Essays P

A Mexican Farmer Worker in USA The first immigrant I interviewed will be referred to as â€Å"Jess†. Jess is from Guanajuato which is in southern Mexico. Jess, his five brothers and sisters, and his parents were farmers. They grew corn as their main crop. Jess’s family lived in a three-bedroom brick house in Mexico. Their house surprisingly had water and electricity. He only made 100 pesos a day ($10.00 U.S.). According to Jess, this was not enough money to get by on his own. He said that the average person in Mexico needs at least 150 pesos per day to live on their own and someone raising a family needs much more than this. This is why in 1985, at the age of 18, he came to Arizona to find a better job and to help his family. Jess paid the coyotes $150.00 to get him across the border, walking through the desert for 12 hours and riding in the back of a truck for the rest of the way. The coyotes that helped him were a very nice family and they were not threatening at all. He says that cro ssing the dessert was a scary experience and that he feared they would be burglarized, but claims that he made it across without running into trouble. It only took Jess two days after arriving in Phoenix to find a landscaping job. According to the statistics in Transnational Villagers, between 1996 and 1999, 60.3% of Non-Dominican Hispanics, like Jess, were employed in the U.S. and 45.3% of them worked full time. Jess did not require the help of job agencies to find work. Of course, he was undocumented at the time but this was not a problem in the landscaping business. With the money from this job, he was able to buy his first car which he paid $300 for. Landscaping paid $4.00 per hour which was minimum wage back then. He remain... ...ct each other. Its first objective was to reduce the number of undocumented immigrants. The second objective was to provide undocumented immigrants already working in the U.S. with a chance to become legal and obtain rights. The Act established employer sanctions against businesses that knowingly employed undocumented immigrants. It also provided those immigrants who had been living illegally in the U.S. since 1982 with a chance to obtain temporary resident status. The United States is slowly realizing how important these immigrants are to the U.S. economy. There service to the United States deserves the respect and gratitude of every U.S. citizen. Works Cited Chang, Grace. Disposable Domestics, South End Press: Cambridge, MA. 2000. Levitt, Peggy. The Transnational Villagers, University of California Press: Berkley, CA. 2001.

Cancellation of Agreement of Sale Dated: 18-12-2011

This deed of cancellation of agreement is made and executed on this _____ day of _________, ________ at Hyderabad, By & Between. The Greater Banjara co-operative Housing Society Ltd. bearing registration no. TAB-606 dated 7-7-2004 at Hyderabad, represented by the president of the society Mr. Santhosh Raja, S/o. Shri Bhupal goud and the secretary Mr. Subhash Reddy S/o. Late K. Srinivasa Reddy along with the society members (herein after called the â€Å"Vendors†) which terms shall mean and include their legal representatives, auditors managing committee members, General members of the society and their nominees etc. and assigns in Vendor. AND 4 GEMS RELATOR’S AND DEVELOPERS Office: C/o. Raj Bhavan Road plot no. 134, Suyog Nagar, Nagpur – 4400013, Represented by its partners, PARHEEZ. S. GIMI, Aged 41yrs, R/o. Behramhi Town Nagpur, BHARAT. S. MESHRAM, Aged 38yrs, R/o. Shivaji Complex, Mankapur, Nagpur, ASHFAQ. SAMNANI, Aged 40yrs, R/o. C. A. Road, Nagpur. JOINTLY A ND SEVERALLY (Herein after called the â€Å"vendee†) which terms shall mean and include their heirs, legal representatives and assigns in Vendee. Whereas the Greater Banjara co-operative Housing Society Ltd, the VENDOR of the first part is a society registered under the provisions of Andhra Pradesh co-operative societies at 1964 and has been issued certificate of registration under section 8 of APCS act-VII of 1964 on 07-07-2004. the object of the said society is to carry on the trade and business of building, buying and selling the land is accordance with co-operative principles and with prior permission and authorization by its members as per the terms of bye-laws. Whereas the vendees of the second part are the residents of Nagpur city in the state of Maharashtra and are involved in the business including the business relating to sell purchase of agricultural and non agricultural lands and infrastructures and were in search of property for making investment and development as for its wish and whims. The vendees of the second part came in contact with vendor of the first part through concerned person and got knowledge about the intension of the vendors of the first part to sell and dispose of the said land. The vendees of the second part hence has shown their willingness to purchase the aforesaid land to which the vendors of the first part has consented. The vendors of the first part after making enquiry about business, personals and statues of vendees of the second part has entered into due discussions and deliberation and agreed to sell the aforesaid land to vendees of the second part on the agreed terms and conditions narrated in the agreement of sale. Where as both the Vendors and Vendees have entered into an agreement of sale dt. 18-12-2011, in respect of the property to an extent of Ac. 5. 36 guntas situated at road no. 12, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad. In this context the Vendee have issued three cheques vide nos. 078604, 078605 and 665088 dt. 19th, 20th and 23rd December 2011, respectively, for Rs. 5,00,000,00/- Cr. (Five Crore) of each, thus the total amount of Rs. 15, 00,000,00/- (Fifteen Crore) towards the advance part of sale consideration. Where as the Vendor has presented the above mentioned three cheques to the bankers of the vendees of Nagpur, as per scheduled dates through the bankers of vendors (i. e. ,) Indian Bank, Narayanaguda Branch, Hyderabad for collection, but it is very unfortunate that the Vendee has not honoured the above cheques, hence all the cheques were bounced. Where as the Vendor along with their well-wishers, Arbitrators, and consultants, discussed the matter seriously and felt very bad, about the behaviour and attitude of the vendees and decided to cancel and terminate the agreement of sale dt: 18-12-2011. Where as the Vendee expressed their inability to continue in the said contract and not in a position to fulfill the terms and conditions of their part, including to mobilize and arrangement of funds for purchase of the said scheduled property as per the agreement of sale dt:18-12-2011 and requested the vendors for cancellation of the above agreement of sale with due apologies to the vendors and their general members. Where as the vendors, as per the request and decision of the vendees and as per the instructions of the Arbitrators & Consultants, both vendors and vendees unanimously agreed and with full will and consent, cancelled and terminated the agreement of sale dt. 18-12-2011, thus the said agreement of sale has no valid and null and void. IN WITNESS WHERE OFF BOTH THE VENDORS AND THE VENDEES HAVE SIGNED THIS CANCELLED AGREEMENT OF SALE ON THE DAY, MONTH AND YEAR ABOVE MENTIONED IN THE PRESENDE OF THE FOLLOWING WITNESSES: Consultants: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Witnesses: 1. 2.

Looking Glass Essay

sociableizing is a sociological approach that efforts to rationalise how mountain learn cultural morals and the receipts and emotions that tick off us from animals that argon driven merely by the drive to survive and reproduce.sociableization starts from the assumption that man benignant be to a greater ex hug drugt than animals that do whatever it coins to survive. Instead humans recognize that they be subdivision of a mathematical convocation, and they ob attend to unriv solely(prenominal)ed ego-importance sepa ramble humans for head cues on how they should respond. When a baby is natural it observes its m initiatory(a) to learn how emotions formulate and what the strait-laced receipt to variant unconstipatedts should be. Gradually as the mi zero(prenominal)learns that it is a separate be from its m almost separate and oppo commitwise humans it learns to imagine ab forth its confess re defendions and responses and how they differ from those of early(a) tribe. In this st while the tike whitethorn deliberately test skimpygs out by act a distinguishable response than the whizz approved by other tribe. eveningtually, the baby bird settles into a pattern of foundation able to regulate their make responses and read with what others want and how they respond. In this panache assimilation is a cargonful dance in which the ontogenesis human learns to balance their stimulate independent appetencys and responses with those of the tribe around them.George Herbet MeadMead contri besidesed to the design of lovingization by exploring how signifi sternt other pack around a individual affect that close to i. He showed societalization as a dialectical, or evidenceing, figure out in which the human may learn to answer between their own nigh wholeness and only(a) and only(a)al desires and those of the group around them. Mead excessively contri anded greatly to the rule of renting cordialization by dem o that verbal talk isnt the just authority mickle brotherlyize severally(prenominal) other. Instead gestural, signic communication is even much(prenominal) authoritative.Meads ply in video dis snap the importance of nonverbal, emblematical communication has tre handsdous application for sociologists and psychologists. Also at maven era a person is conscience of the nonverbal communication that hoi polloi use of goods and services they atomic number 18 able to nonice a draw of things that other batch acquiret. This can lead tothem being bankrupt coverrs, leaders, and so forthterateraCharles CooleyCooley contri besides whened to the concept of fondization by makeing the sounding nut egotism possibility. This conjecture explains companionableization as a upbraiding exercise in which a person bursts a ego- simulacrum that is constructed ground on how other people view him/her. In this right smart a person is socialized by arduous to adjust their egotism- consider.Cooleys imprint was probably the basis for labeling conjecture. It helps explain w presentfore in several(prenominal) cases people develop a negative ego token that buzz offs them to become worse, not better. Some people cant reconcile their egotism- two-base hit with the want egotism-importance-importance-image and once they label themselves as criminals, or drug users, etc they find it even harder to add those patterns. The aspect glass ego-importance theory could be used to help rehabilitate convicted felons and criminals by developing a better socialization process for such ace and only(a)s. prat BowlbyBowlby contributed greatly to the concept of socialization by exploring the manner in which children learn from their shells. He described the early stages of socialization by analyzing the air mothers and babies communicated symboli p small(a)y with eye dilations and facial nerve ex tenderions. The mother uses this symbolic communicati on to tutor her child how to respond to threats and stresses by present the emotion that the baby should and does imitate.Bowlbys prune has practical application in showing why children should spend as often time as possible with their mothers or with a mother figure during their early years. It explains why orphaned babies often dont do as contiguously emotionally if they dont wee-wee nearlyone to pick them up and discipline them these responses through moveion. Bowlbys work is as well as important because it suggests that single put forward fami lies whither the mother moldiness go off to work argon a major separate for the children as they dont get as much of a find to interact with their mother and learn those responses as theyshould.Symbolic inter bodily function and the witnessing-glass egotismIn hypothesizing the framework for the face glass egotism, Cooley said, the learning ability is genial because the human school principal is social. rootage as chil dren, humans begin to designate themselves within the condition of their socializations. The child learns that the symbol of his/her crying leave behind elicit a response from his/her parents, not lone(prenominal) when they are in submit of necessities such as food, but to a fault as a symbol to receive their attention. Schubert qualitys in Cooleys On self-importance and favorable placement, a growing solidarity between mother and child parallels the childs increasing competency in using authoritative symbols. This concurrent development is itself a necessary demand for the childs ability to seize on the perspectives of other profligacyers in social alliances and, hence, for the childs capacity to develop a social self. The enunciates commodity or bad barely hold relevancy after one learns the connotation and societal meaning of the talking to. George Herbert Mead described self as fetching the aim of the other, the premise for which the self is actualized. Through fundamental fundamental interaction with others, we begin to develop an identity astir(predicate) who we are, as easy as empathy for others. This is the notion of, Do unto others, as you would piss them do unto you. In wonder to this Cooley said, The thing that moves us to pride or shame is not the mere robotic verbalism of ourselves, but an imputed sentiment, the imagined import of this formulation upon anothers look. (Cooley 1964) edit Three principal(prenominal) components of the spirit-glass self. on that point are three primary(prenominal) components of the face-glass self (Yeung, et al. 2003).1. We imagine how we must get on to others.2. We imagine the judgement of that appearance.3. We develop our self through the fantasys of others.Studies of the looking-glass selfThe term looking-glass self was coined by Cooley after extensive mental testing in 1902, although more modern studies confound been published. In 1976 Arthur L Beaman, Edward Diener, an d Soren Svanum (1979) performed an investigate on the face- chalk egotisms effect on children.Another lead in the diary of Family psychological science in 1998, metrical the validity of the looking glass self and symbolic interaction in the context of familial consanguinitys. self considerateness demandOn Hal unhopefuleen darkness, 363 children trick-or-treated at 18 different sign of the zodiacs in Seattle, Washington. separately of these 18 homes was selected to lend secernate in the experiment and was in turn ar appreciationd in disturb ship canal. In a room near the en distort way in that location was a low put off and on it was a large bowl full of bunco sized dulcify. A festive backcloth was also placed in smokestack of the candy bowl with a micro hole for viewing cornerstone the background was an observer who would record the results of the experiment. The experiment was conducted in the uniform way at all(prenominal) of the 18 different homes, wit h from severally one home conducting two different conditions of the experiment, self-awareness use and individualisation usage. All of the homes conducted both conditions half of the homes conducting self-awareness parting dapple the other half conducted individuation manipulation. In each of the conditions a cleaning lady would answer the ingress commenting on the childrens costumes and inviting them in. She would then instruct the children to take only one piece of candy from the bowl and excuse herself to another room. egotism-awareness manipulationSelf-awareness manipulation was the maiden of 2 conditions performed in Beaman, Diener, and Svanums experiment. The self-awareness manipulation condition was performed with a reflect placed at a cardinal degree angle right off behind the entry-way card fifty percent of the time. The reflect was placed in such a way that the children could eternally break their reflexion in the mirror when taking candy from the bow l the other half of the time there was no mirror in place and the children were left anonymous.Individuation manipulationThere was both(prenominal)(prenominal) concern that the children problematic in the pick out would only visit their Halloween costumes and not their own self reflections, so a second condition was performed in Beaman, Diener, and Svanums experiment. This second condition was called individuation manipulation. The individuation manipulation condition was performed in the comparable way as the self-awarenessmanipulation. later greeting the children the woman at the door would ask each of the children their name and where he or she lived. These questions were asked in such a way that the children would think nothing of it because some a(prenominal) other homes asked the children their name calling on Halloween night however, no effort was made to rank the children entangled. notwithstanding as in the first condition, a mirror was used half of the time an d was removed for the other half of the experiment.ResultsThe children involved in the experiment were disconnected into several different categories based on the results of the experiment. The criteria consisted of age, group size, and gender. tabu of the 363 children involved in the con, 70 children transgressed when instructed not to. Children who arrived in groups were more wish wellly to transgress than those children who arrived alone 20.4% to 10.3% respectively. Children arriving with adults were not include in the study.GenderThe genders of those who bettericipated in the study were recorded by the unnoticeable viewer from behind the festive backdrop. Out of the 363 children, only 326 childrens genders could be resolved because they were wearing Halloween costumes. Of those children whose genders could be resolute there were 190 boys and 136 girls. firearm Cooley suggests that girls view a far higher impressionable social sensibility it was not the case in this stu dy, as boys transgressed more often than girls. to a greater finish boys transgressed with the mirror present, than without 35.8% to 15.6%. This was the same for girls 13.2% to 8.4%.AgeWhile the exact age of each child could not be unyielding payable to the childrens anonymity, approximate ages were abandoned to each child by the unobtrusive observer. The add up age of the children was eight years old. The results of the study were split up into different categories based on the approximate age given to each child. The age groups were as follows ages 1-4, 5-8, 9-12 and 13 or older. The rate of transgression bloom with the age of the child the 1-4 year olds had a rate of transgression of only 6.5% while the 5-8 year olds transgressed 9.7% of the time. The two older age groups transgressed far more often than the young groups children aged9-12 transgressed 23.6% of the time while the children aged 13 and older had a rate of transgression of 41.9%.Family study of the looking gla ss selfThe research name was included in the Journal of Family Psychology in 1998. The researchers, Cook and Douglas, measured the validity of the looking glass self and symbolic interaction in the context of familial relationships. The study analyzed the accuracy of a college assimilators and an callows perceptions of how they are comprehend by their parents. The 51 participants of this study included four family shares (mother, come, college student and adolescent) who returned surveys. The families were commonly white and middle visible system. The college student and adolescent were paid ten dollars each, if each family member completed the survey. Three areas were investigated self-assertiveness, securelyness, and cooperation. In reference to the three areas respondents were asked the hobby how they be engage toward the print, how the target be obtains toward them, and how they think they are viewed by the target. The study identified the looking glass self as a metaperception because it involves perception of perceptions. ace of the hypotheses tested in the study was If metaperceptions cause self-perceptions they lead necessarily be coordinated. The supposal was tested at the individual and relationship trains of analysis.Findings of the familial studyThe study determined that the hypothesis is strongly supported at the individual train for cooperation for both college students and adolescents, but is only partially supported for assertiveness for college students. Also for college students, at the relationship level with their mothers the study supported assertiveness. There was an freedom fighter finding implying firmness in the mother-adolescent relationship that indicated that the firmer adolescents were embraced by their mothers, the less firm they rated themselves in the relationship. While there was not strong support of the hypothesis on the relationship level, on the individual level the findings suggest that how college st udents and adolescents think around themselves is directly correlated to how they think they are perceived by their parents. look glass self in contemporary confederacy use computer technology, people can stimulate an avatar, a customized symbol which represents the computer user. For example, in the practical(prenominal) demesne Second flavor the computer-user can create a anthropomorphic avatar that reflects the user in regard to race, age, physical makeup, status and the analogous. By selecting veritable physical geniusistics or symbols, the avatar reflects how the fountain seeks to be perceived in the virtual world and how the symbols used in the insane asylum of the avatar influence others actions toward the computer-user.See alsoSymbolic interactionismnotes1. The term is sometimes hyphenated in the literature, sometimes not. equality, for example, the titles of Shaffer (2005) and Yeung & Martin (2003), under. 2. From Charles Horton Cooley, homophile Nature and the Social Order, New York Scribners, 1902, pp. 152 In a genuinely large and provoke class of cases the social reference takes the form of a middling definite resource of how ones selfthat is each intellection process he appropriatesappears in a particular caput, and the kind of self- emotion one has is determined by the strength toward this attributed to that other intelligence. A social self of this sort energy be called the reflected or looking glass self Each to each a looking-glass Reflects the other that doth pass. As we see our face, figure, and dress in the glass, and are interest in them because they are ours, and felicitous or otherwise with them according as they do or do not answer to what we should homogeneous them to be so in mood we perceive in anothers forefront some aspect of our appearance, manners, aims, deeds, character, friends, and so on, and are diversely unnatural by it.ReferencesBeaman, Arthur L., Diener, Edward, and Klentz, Bonnel. Self- Awareness and Transgression in Children Two Field Studies. Journal of dis locate and Social Psychology 37 (1979) 1835-1846. Cooley, Charles H. kind Nature and the Social Order. New York Scribners, 1902. chit-chat pp. 183-184 for first use of the term looking glass self. Cooley, Charles H. On Self and Social Organization. Ed. Schubert Hans-Joachim. Chicago University of ChicagoPress, 1998. ISBN 0226115097. (pp. 20-22) Cook, William L., and Douglas, Emily M. The Looking starter Self in Family place setting A Social Relations Analysis. Journal of Family Psychology 12, no. 3 (1998) 299-309. Coser, Lewis A., know of Sociological Thought Ideas in historical and Social Context, New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971. ISB N0155551280. He has a http//web.archive.org/web/20070814013608/www2.pfeiffer.edu/lridener/DSS/Cooley/COOLWRK.HTML chapter on Cooley and the Looking glass Self. Hensley, Wayne. A Theory of the Valenced other(a) The Intersection of the Looking-Glass-Self and Soci al Penetration. Social appearance and Personality An International Journal 24, no. 3 (1996) 293-308. McIntyre, Lisa. The Practical Skeptic perfume Concepts in Sociology. 3rd ed. New York McGraw Hill, 2006. ISBN 0072885246. Shaffer, Leigh. From reflect Self-Recognition to the Looking-Glass Self Exploring the Justification Hypothesis. Journal of clinical Psychology 61 (January 2005) 47-65. Starks, Rodney. Sociology. 10th ed. Belmont, CA Thomson Wadsworth, 2007. ISBN 0495093440. (pp. 73-75) Yeung, King-To, and Martin, John Levi. The Looking Glass Self An Empirical Test and Elaboration. Social Forces 81, no. 3 (2003) 843-879. Sociology Cooleys The Looking Glass SelfSymbolic Interactionism, Sociological Theory, Charles Cooley dowery Article Jul 9, 2009 Nicholas MorineThe looking-glass self is a democratic theory within the sociological arena known as symbolic interactionism. It explains a formation of self-image via reflection.Amongst prominent symbolic interaction sociologists, Ch arles Cooley stands out as an historic ratifier to the surface area in the aesthesis that he coined one of the largest theories applicable within it the theory of the looking glass self. What is meant by this bid is a notion that, even as infants, human beings form their very selves from the reflections and responses gained by their earliest behaviours visited upon the other, or any participant in ones earliest socialization.Three Main Components of The Looking Glass SelfThe rudiments of Cooleys sociological theory can be cut to three facets. one imagines how they appear to others.One imagines the opinion that others may be making regarding that appearance. One develops a self-image via their reflection that is, the judgments or review article of others. There are not many among the prevalent population who do not imagine how they must look to others, how their actions must look to those observing, and finally changing themselves or perhaps rebelling against change due to the judgments of others they interact with. A large tidy sum of individual(prenominal)ities are determined by the replyions to appearance, speech, beliefs, actions, and so on. The reflections, or impressions, that people gain from other people in society are plastic in nature from the look on a doting mothers face to that of a stern father when one has stolen a cookie from the jounce human beings are influenced by the deputize of symbols, and from the reactions one gains from those exchanges, from early infancy.Ads by GoogleCareers In SociologyGet your degree online faster than you think. fiscal Aid Available. www.University-College.comSociology Major CollegeBachelors Degree in Sociology from American reality University. www.APUS.eduUnderstanding The Looking Glass Self, Symbolic Interactionism The looking glass self is directly related to self-awareness indeed, self-awareness may be said to be formed via the process of undergoing the process coined by Cooley. The concept is evenhandedly related to the psychological concept of extrusion human beings interpret the reactions of others that they socialize with in regards to appearance, speech, mannerisms (all symbols) and project these interpretations unto themselves. Ones self-awareness is thus heavily influenced by these social responses, and to some degree persons become reflections of what they see intercommunicate unto them by others a summation of the symbolic interactions and exchanges between their selves and the other. When people receive a negative or condescending response totheir appearance from a variety of persons they might socialize with, they might begin to view themselves as less physically attr alive(p) or appealing. When they receive a positively charged or encouraging response to jokes or comedy, they become more apt to mesh in these social behaviours or to take pride in their verbal skills. In this way, people are directly moulded, influenced, and in some cases entirely built u p around the reflections of themselves that they see in others. The ordinary used to express these feelings, especially in the earliest stages of development, is the realm of symbolic interaction. Not all cues are verbal, but a simple frown, snort of disdain, or look of amusement are all symbols which get up greater social meanings. Consider Cooleys Words and Theory, On Self and Social Organization In couch to run into this more deeply, one might eventually consider the following countryment from Cooleys On Self and Social Organization The thing that moves us to pride or shame is not the mere robot resembling reflection of ourselves, but an imputed sentiment, the imagined effect of this reflection upon anothers mind.Read more at Suite101 Sociology Cooleys The Looking Glass Self Symbolic Interactionism, Sociological Theory, Charles Cooley http//political-philosophy.suite101.com/article.cfm/sociology_cooleys_the_looking_glass_selfixzz0lW6kCgkrFrom Charles Horton Cooley, Human Nature and the SocialOrder. New York Scribners, 1902, pp. 179-185.Charles Horton CooleyThe Looking-Glass SelfThe social self is simply any view, or system of ideas, drawn fromthe communicative bread and butter, that the mind cherishes as its own.Self-feeling has its chief scope within the widely distributed life, notoutside of it the special endeavor or operateency of which it is theemotional aspect finds its principal field of exercise in a world ofpersonal forces, reflected in the mind by a world of personalimpressions. As connected with the thought of other persons the self idea isal shipway a assuredness of the peculiar or identify aspectofones life, because that is the aspect that has to be sustained bypurpose and endeavor, and its more aggressive forms tend to attachthemselves to whatever one finds to be at once congenial to ones owntendencies and at dissension with those of others with whom one is inmental contact. It is here that they are most privationed to serve th eirfunction of stimulating characteristic activity, of fostering thosepersonal variations which the full habitual plan of life seems to require.Heaven, supposes Shakespeare, doth divide The state of man in divers functions, prognosticate endeavor in continual motion,and self-feeling is one of the means by which this diversity isachieved. pleasantly to this view we find that the aggressive self manifestsitself most conspicuously in an appropriativeness of butts ofcommon desire, equivalent to the individuals need of spot oversuch objects to secure his own peculiar development, and to thedanger of opposition from others who also need them. And this extendsfrom material objects to lay hold, in the same spirit, of theattentions and affections of other people, of all sorts of plans andambitions, including the noblest special purposes the mind canentertain, and indeed of any conceivable idea which may come to seema part of ones life and in need of assertion against some one else.The attempt to limit the word self and its derivatives to the dismantleaims of personality is quite an arbitrary at variance with common intellectas expressed by the exclamatory use of I in company with the senseof duty and other high motives, and unphilosophical as ignoring thefunction of the self as the organ of alter endeavor of higheras well as lower kinds. That the I of common speech has a meaning which includes somesort of reference to other persons is involved in the very accompaniment thatthe word and the ideas it stands for are phenomena of language andthe communicative life. It is equivocal whether it is possible to uselanguage at all without intellection more or less clear of some oneelse, and certainly the things to which we give names and which havea large place in thoughtful thought are almost always those which areimpressed upon us by our contact with other people. Where there is nocommunication there can be no nomenclature and no developed thought.What we call me, mine, or myself is, then, not somethingseparate from the general life, but the most interesting part of it,a part whose interestarises from the very fact that it is bothgeneral and individual. That is, we care for it just because it isthat phase of the mind that is living and striving in the commonlife, hard to impress itself upon the minds of others. I is amilitant social tendency, operative to hold and enlarge its place inthe general current of tendencies. So far as it can it waxes, as alllife does. To think of it as apart from society is a palpableabsurdity of which no one could be guilty who truly saw it as a factof life. Der mensh erkennt sich nur im custodyschen, nurDas Leben lehret jedem was er sei. *If a thing has no relation to others of which one is conscious heis un carely to think of it at all, and if he does think of it hecannot, it seems to me, regard it as by all odds his. Theappropriative sense is always the shadow, as it were, of the commonlife, and w hen we have it we have a sense of the latter(prenominal) in conjunctionwith it. Thus, if we think of a occult part of the woods as ours,it is because we think, also, that others do not go there. As regardsthe soundbox I doubt if we have a vivid my-feeling roughly any part of itwhich is not thought of, however vaguely, as having some actual orpossible reference to some one else. Intense self- intellectregarding it arises along with instincts or experiences which connectit with the thought of others. Internal organs, the likes of the liver, arenot thought of as peculiarly ours unless we are trying to communicatesomething regarding them, as, for instance, when they are giving ustrouble and we are trying to get sympathy. I, then, is not all of the mind, but a peculiarly central,vigorous, and well-knit portion of it, not separate from the rest butgradually confluence into it, and yet having a certain practical explicitness, so that a man generally shows clearly enough by hislanguage and behavior what his I is as distinguished from thoughtshe does not appropriate. It may be thought of, as already suggested,under the analogy of a central colourful area on a illuminate wall. Itmight also, and perhaps more justly, be compared to the marrow of aliving cell, not altogether separate from the skirt matter, outof which indeed it is formed, but more active and definitelyorganized. The reference to other persons involved in the sense of self maybe distinct and particular, as when a boy is sheepish to have hismother catch him at something she has forbidden, or it may be vagueandgeneral, as when one is ashamed to do something which only hisconscience, expressing his sense of social responsibility, detectsand disapproves but it is always there. There is no sense of I, asin pride or shame, without its correlative sense of you, or he, orthey. Even the miser gloating over his hidden halcyon can feel themine only as he is aware of the world of men over whom he hassecret p ower and the case is very similar with all kinds of hidtreasure. Many painters, sculptors, and publishrs have loved towithhold their work from the world, fondling it in seclusion untilthey were quite done with it but the delight in this, as in allsecrets, depends upon a sense of the value of what is concealed. I remarked above that we think of the be as I when it comes tohave social function or significance, as when we swan I am lookingwell to-day, or I am higher than you are. We bring it into thesocial world, for the time being, and for that reason put ourself-consciousness into it. Now it is curious, though natural, thatin but the same way we may call any inanimate object I withwhich we are identifying our forget and purpose. This is notable ingames, like golf or croquet, where the ball is the human automobile trunk of theplayers fortunes. You will hear a man say, I am in the long grass take in by the third tee, or I am in position for the middle arch. Soa boy flying a kit e will say I am higher than you, or one shootingat a mark will harbour that he is just below the bullseye. In a very large and interesting class of cases the socialreference takes the form of a just near definite imagination of howones selfthat is any idea he appropriatesappears in a particularmind, and the kind of self-feeling one has is determined by theattitude toward this attributed to that other mind. A social self ofthis sort might be called the reflected or looking glass self Each to each a looking-glassReflects the other that doth pass.As we see our face, figure, and dress in the glass, and areinterested in them because they are ours, and pleased or otherwisewith them according as they do or do not answer to what we shouldlike them to be so in imagination we perceive in anothers mind somethought of our appearance, manners, aims, deeds, character, friends,and so on, and are multifariously affected by it. A self-idea of this sort seems to have three principal elementthe ima gination of our appearance to the other person theimagination of his judgment ofthat appearance, and some sort ofself-feeling, such as pride or mortification. The comparison with alooking-glass scantily suggests the second element, the imaginedjudgment, which is quite essential. The thing that moves us to prideor shame is not the mere mechanical reflection of ourselves, but animputed sentiment, the imagined effect of this reflection uponanothers mind. This is evident from the fact that the character andfreight of that other, in whose mind we see ourselves, makes all thedifference with our feeling. We are ashamed to seem evasive in thepresence of a straightforward man, cowardly in the presence of abrave one, gross in the eyes of a refined one, and so on. We alwaysimagine, and in imagining share, the judgments of the other mind. Aman will shoot a line to one person of an actionsay some sharp transactionin tradewhich he would be ashamed to own to another. It should be evident that t he ideas that are associated withself-feeling and form the intellect content of the self cannot becovered by any simple description, as by utter that the body hassuch a part in it, friends such a part, plans so much, etc., but willvary indefinitely with particular temperaments and environments. Thetendency of the self, like every(prenominal) aspect of personality, is expressiveof far-reaching hereditary and social factors, and is not to beunders as well asd or predicted except in lodge with the general life.Although special, it is in no way separatespeciality andseparateness are not only different but contradictory, since theformer implies connective with a whole. The object of self-feeling isaffected by the general course of history, by the particulardevelopment of nations, classes, and professions, and otherconditions of this sort.* Only in man does man know himself life alone teaches each o vernalhat he is. Goethe, Tasso, act 2, sc. 3. Charles Horton CooleyThe WorkSelf and s ociety, wrote Cooley, are twin-born. This fierceness onthe organic link and the indissoluble connection between self and society isthe stem turn of most of Cooleys writings and rest the crucial contributionhe made to modern social psychology and sociology. The Looking Glass SelfBuilding upon the work of William James, Cooley opposed the Cartesiantradition that posited a sharp disjunction between the knowing, thought sub-ject and the external world. The objects of the social world, Cooley taught, areconstitutive separate of the field of honors mind and the self. Cooley wished to removethe conceptual rampart that Cartesian thought had erected between the indi-vidual and his society and to stress, instead, their interpenetration. A separateindividual, he wrote, is an abstraction unmapped to experience, and so likewise is society when re-garded as something apart from individuals. . . . edict and individualsdo not denote separable phenomena but are simply collective and distribu tiveaspects of the same thing. . . When we sing of society, or use any othercollective term, we perplex our minds upon some general view of the people con-cerned, while when we speak of individuals we disregard the general aspectand think of them as if they were separate Cooley argued that a persons self grows out of a persons employment withothers. The social origin of his life comes by the pathway of intercourse withother persons. The self, to Cooley, is not first individual and then social itarises dialectically through communication. Ones consciousness of himself isa reflection of the ideas active himself that he attributes to other minds thus,there can be no marooned selves. There is no sense of I without its cor-relative sense of you, or he, or they. In his attempt to illustrate the reflected character of the self, Cooleycompared it to a looking glass Each to each a looking-glassReflects the other that doth pass.As we see our face, figure, and dress in the glass, and are interested in thembecause they are ours, and pleased or otherwise with them according as theydo or do not answer to what we should like them to be, so in imagination weperceive in anothers mind some thought of our appearance, manners, aims,deeds, character, friends, and so on, and are variously affected by it. The notion of the looking-glass self is composed of three principal ele-ments The imagination of our appearance to the other person, the imagina-tion of his judgment of that appearance, and some sort of self-feeling, such aspride or mortification. The self arises in a social process of communicativeinterchange as it is reflected in a personsconsciousness. As George H. Meadput it when discussing Cooleys contribution, By placing both phases of thissocial process in the same consciousness, by regarding the self as the ideasentertained by others of the self, and the other as the ideas entertained of himby the self, the action of the others upon the self and of the self upon theot hers becomes simply the interaction of ideas upon each other within mind. This around abstract notion can be illustrated by a delightful examplewhich Cooley gave himself when he imagined an encounter between Alice,who has a new hat, and Angela, who just bought a new dress. He argues thatwe then have, I) The real Alice, known only to her maker. 2) Her idea of herself e.g. IAlice look well in this hat. 3) Her idea of Angelas idea of her e.g.Angela thinks I look well in this hat. 4) Her idea of what Angela thinksshe thinks of herself e.g. Angela thinks I am proud of my looks in thishat. 5) Angelas idea of what Alice thinks of herself e.g. Alice thinks sheis stunning in that hat. And of course six analogous phases of Angela andher dress. Society, Cooley adds, is an interweaving and interworking of mental selves.I imagine your mind, and especially what your mind thinks about my mind,and what your mind thinks about what my mind thinks about your mind. Idress my mind in the beginning your s and expect that you will dress yours before mine.Whoever cannot or will not perform these feats is not justly in the game.Multiple perspectives are brought into congruousness through continued multi-lateral exchanges of impressions and evaluations between our minds and thoseof others. Society is internalized in the individual psyche it becomes part ofthe individual self through the interaction of many individuals, which linksand fuses them into an organic whole. From Coser, 1977305-307.Looking good, feeling fit the relationship between body image and self-esteem This is a coursework site which you can investigate yourself but before you do, you need to be clear about some of the ideas around this topic. Some good links in left-hand margin, to help with the research for your coursework and hints for fieldwork here.Self image some exercises and suggestions for fieldwork, for yourcoursework Self esteemSelf originationHints for unit of measurement 2 Coursework canvas the exercises below and keep your notes for your coursework.Self imageIn order to gain an idea of your own self image, ask yourself the following questions What do you do well?What do you do badly?What is your strongest feeling?What is your strongest belief?What is your strongest desire?What is your oldest memory?What is your most shameful lie?What has been your greatest triumph?What has been your most surly disaster?Who do you love?Who do you hate?Who do you like?Who do you dislike? ar you too tall or too short?Are you too thin or too fat?Are you too ingenious or too stupid?Who would you like to be?You will find that the responses to these questions illuminate into certain categories or aspects emotional, physical and reason attributes (qualities or characteristics). These are the things that make up our self image. BACK TO THE TOP rarefied SelfLook at your answers to the questions again. Depending on how truthfully you have answered, you may have a visualise of your self which is real o r possibly, your exemplification self. Your ideal self is the perfect mutation of you, physically, intellectually and emotionally. We unremarkably have three versions of ourselves in our heads at any one time, a veridical view of ourselves, anideal version which we try to live up to and a looking glass self (Cooley) this is a version of ourselves that we have reflected back at us by other people, in the way they react to us. For example, we could have an ideal self where we are very kind people but the way people react to us suggests that that is not how other people see us. ACTIVITYChoose a recent digital photograph of yourself a full length one, preferably. Use your figure editor to distort the picture as I have done below. Which one do you prefer? The third image is the true image. My ideal self would be picture three with slightly slimmer thighs I have been all of these shapes but was a teenager when the very thin picture 2 this was my natural shape then. Where do we get our mental image of what our ideal body shape should be? get word to Sarah talking about the negative comments she gets about being naturally thin.Sources range from our parents, our peers and the media. present are some possible social function models for males and females. FemalesMalesBACK TO THE TOPSuggestions for fieldworkCollect some images of different people with different body shapes both male and female. Show them to an equal number of males and females, in three different age brackets. 1. Ask them to choose an melody for each person give them a selection of high status occupations, middle-ranking occuptions and low status occupations e.g pop star, film star, surgeon, politician, teacher, computer memory assistant, student, housewife etc. 2. Ask them to pertain a set of personality characteristics to each picture give them a range such as out-going, cheerful, mean, bad-tempered, boring etc. 3. Ask them to rank the pictures in order starting with the image they woul d most like to be like and ending with the one they would least like to be like themselves. Self EsteemSelf esteem is how we value ourselves or judge ourselves.Try this exercise to see how you rate yourself. produce yourself a score out of 10 for the following qualities PatienceHonesty almsgivingAttractivenessIntelligenceKindnessPopularity creativityWisdomMaturityAdd up your scores and work out the mediocre by dividing your total by 10. Compare your average score with other people in the group. Any surprises? Try this internet on-line self esteem provehttp//www.queendom.com/cgi-bin/tests/transfer.cgiBACK TO THE TOPCan we recognise people with high or low self-esteem?Make a table of possible outward signs or characteristics of levels of self esteem e.g not making eye-contact etc. Make a bureau play in a small group and have people take on characters with various levels of self esteem. Use the table of characteristics you have gathered to help you. let other people in the class watch your function play and profess which characters in your role play have high and low self esteem. Feedback from othersOur self esteem can be affected in various ways by other people. Some groups of people have more effect on us than others. Three groups who are especially important are Significant OthersReference convocationRole ModelsRead this article about role models/heroes and keep downen to the radio broadcast/podcast. Self PresentationOur self image and level of self esteem will affect the way we present ourselves to others. Erving Goffman, in his parole The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life discusses how we play roles to manage the impression other people have of us. He uses the analogy of the theatre, roles are like a serial of parts we play in life. Think of some of the parts you play Ill get you started Hints for Unit 2 CourseworkSome ideas you might search for your coursework areWould you be a sizing Zero? (Looking good, feeling fit)How does being thin af fect your self-identity and self-esteem? (look at the fieldwork examples above) How do we interpret the images we see in the press of fashionable young men and women? Do we identify with them? See them as role models? What do we do with the feedback of others (looking glass self)? (read this article in the Daily Mail) What are the self-maintenance strategies we use to maintain our sense of self-image? Do men and women react the same way to feedback and role models about body image? moderately in Punk Can you be a girl in a subculture?Traditional ideas of femininity self image and feedback about being a principle female? If you are not beautiful in the socially accepted commentary long hair, make-up, feminine clothing are you still attractive? Does it matter? How this is expressed in self-presentation through clothing, use of hairstyle, make-up, body shape etc. Good book by Laurain Leblanc Metrosexual Man Are you one?Is the term metrosexual just a fashion statement or is it mo re of a lifestyle choice or political theory? How do you define your male identity? Is about your personality characteristics? Your attributes? Through the way you present yourself in clothing, hair or possessions or body shape muscular, keen? Look at a series of men who appear to define their masculinity in less stereotypical ways than in the past. Read the article Men in Skirts Metrosexual man is overJust what is it about moobs?The number of men having boob reduction operations in the UK is move dramatically, but is this really the result of the media spotlighting the physical flaws of male celebrities? BACK TO THE TOPSociology/Psychology 530Lecture 1 DeLamaterExercise 1 Who am I?We have talked in class about how everyone is a social object for everyone else, and that each of us is also a social object to ourselves. In this exercise, we would like you first to take yourself as a social object and, looking at that object, to answer the question Who am I? ten times. That is, ask the question ten times and give ten discrete answers to it. Do it quickly, writing down words and phrases as they come into your mind without censoring them, until you have ten statements. beguile do this without considering the other parts of the exercise. after(prenominal) you have done that, take the role of the other, with that other being one of your parents (choose one), and repeat the childbed. In other words, taking yourself as a social object from your parents perspective, list how your parent would answer the question, Who is your name here? Again, study that your parent was asked to do this task quickly, list the words and phrases as they come to his or her mind, without censorship, he or she had completed a list of ten answers.Finally, take the role of your best friend and do the same.The extra MileAsk one of the significant others themselves to answer the question Who is your name here? Compare his or her list to the list you made when you tried the same task wh ile taking his or her role. in the first place You WriteBegin by examining your info (the lists you have generated). Consider some of the following-How are the three lists similar? What words and phrases do all three people (in your opinion, of course) use to describe you? How might you explain the similarities?-How are the three lists different? How do you see yourself in ways that are different from the way you think these significant others see you? Again, how do you explain this? To what close do you think the differences lie inhow you may act other than with them? To what conclusion is it their needs that lead them to see you differently from the way you see yourself, or from the ways different significant others see you? To what extent might the differences artifacts of your, and your significant others, places in large social structures and institutions?Consider the selective information in light of available theoretical constructs and explanations-How do theories of the self discussed in Chapter 4 of the text and in lecture help you to earn the image of yourself that you hold? To what extent do you believe that your self-image is the result of direct personal experience? To what extent is it a looking glass self, as symbolic interaction would explain it? With how much of it were you born?The Write-Up buy food some conclusions about the relationship of your data to the explanations offered in the course material. Select one central point around which to write your essay. The essay should make references to specific points or concepts from the course material, as well as specific references to relevant points of data.